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Djupadal Formation

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Coordinates: 55°59′N 13°38′E / 55.98°N 13.63°E / 55.98; 13.63
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Djupadal Formation
Stratigraphic range: Pliensbachian-Toarcian
~184–175 Ma A Volcanic neck suggest 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma, Late Toarcian Age
About 10 m south of the shore of the Korsaröd lake exposed layers of the unit are known
TypeFormation
Unit ofCentral Skåne Volcanic Province
Sub-units(in part) Sapropel at Sandåkra
UnderliesCuaternary Sediments
OverliesHöör Sandstone, Brandsberga and Kolleberga erratics and (in part) Sapropel at Sandåkra
ThicknessUp to 60 m (200 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryBasalt Tuff, Veined Gneiss[1]
OtherSandstone, Clay and Conglomerate
Location
Coordinates55°59′N 13°38′E / 55.98°N 13.63°E / 55.98; 13.63
Approximate paleocoordinatesApprox. 35°N
RegionCentral Skåne County
Country Sweden
Extent1,000 km2 (390 sq mi)
Type section
Named forDjupadalsmölla, Ljungbyhed
Named byCarita Augustsson[2]
Year defined2001
Djupadal Formation is located in Sweden
Djupadal Formation
Djupadal Formation (Sweden)

Korsaröd Lagerstätten Location

The Djupadal Formation is a geologic formation in Skåne County, southern Sweden. It is Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian-Toarcian, or Late Toarcian) in age. It is part of the Central Skåne Volcanic Province, know by the discovery of basalt tuff layers, including Sandåkra, Korsaröd and Djupadal. An original analysis of the location of Korsaröd led to a Toarcian-Aalenian age,[3][4][5] but was dismissed in 2016, when a series of Palynogical samples recovered a Late Pliensbachian and probably Lower Toarcian age for the Korsaröd Outcrop.[6] The same year this result was also challenged by an in-depth study of the Lilla Hagstad neck that yield a Late Toarcian Age.[7] The formation was deposited in the Central Skane region, linked to the late early Jurassic volcanism. The Korsaröd member includes a volcanic-derived Lagerstatten with exceptional fern finds.[8] The data provided by fossilized wood rings showed that the location of Korsaröd hosted a middle-latitude Mediterranean-type biome in the late Early Jurassic, with low rainfall ratio, delayed to seasonal events. Superimposed on this climate were the effects of a local active Strombolian Volcanism and hydrothermal activity.[9]

Description

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Djupadalsmölla is a geological site in southern Sweden, notable for its volcanic tuff and related rock types formed from ancient volcanic activity.[10] First documented in 1826, the site contains basalts from early volcanic eruptions.[11] The Anneklev exposure near Höör revealed the first volcanic neck, with additional volcanic remnants at Jällabjär, Rallate, and Djupadalsmölla itself.[12] The rocks here are primarily tuff, containing basaltic bombs with pyroxene, olivine pseudomorphs, and occasional conifer wood fragments ranging from small pieces to large logs.[13] The Rönne River has carved a 20-meter-deep valley through the Precambrian basement, exposing Lower Jurassic strata, including volcanic tuff, on the southern valley side. These strata extend northwest, suggesting the valley follows a partially exhumed sub-Jurassic depression.[4] The valley floor includes modern sediments from a Late Weichselian meltwater channel and eroded fluvioglacial deposits.[14] A nearby roadcut shows kaolinized basement beneath Toarcian sediments, and a borehole penetrated 44 meters of kaolinized gneiss.[4] Small ridges, cupolas in gneiss, and tors in amphibolite are also visible at the valley bottom.[4]

Geology

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Geology of Sweden, showing the Precambrian-Paleozoic Basement and the Mesozoic limited to Skane

The Djupadalsmölla site lies within the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ), a 20–60 km wide fracture zone in southern Sweden and the Baltic Sea, part of the larger Tornquist Lineament stretching over 1000 km from the North Sea to the Black Sea.[15][16] This zone marks the boundary between the East European Craton and Early Paleozoic terranes of central Europe.[17] The STZ formed through continental rifting from the Permian to Cretaceous, similar to the North Sea system, with complex horst and graben structures from Late Cretaceous–Paleogene tectonics.[18][19] Rifting from the Carboniferous to Mesozoic, linked to the breakup of Pangea, led to mafic alkaline magmatism, including a 70 km wide Permo-Carboniferous tholeiitic dyke swarm across Scania and Bornholm.[20] The Central Skåne Volcanic Province, a 30 by 40 km Mesozoic volcanic field, features around 100 volcanic plugs and necks forming steep hills in central Scania.[21] This volcanism likely originated from a continental lithospheric mantle reservoir or edge-driven mantle convection.[22]

Stratigraphy

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The Djupadalsmölla pyroclastic deposit is up to 10 meters high and 20 meters wide, extending over 100 meters westward along the Rönne River valley.[23] It consists of a 3-meter-thick Jurassic sequence overlying kaolinized Paleozoic gneiss, starting with 2 meters of sandstone and claystone, topped by 1 meter of green-brownish tuffaceous rocks.[24] The tuff contains mostly lapilli (30–50%) and ash, with some red patches and concretions of coarse ash, calcite, and wood fragments.[25] The deposit suggests moderate explosivity, with short transport paths indicated by minimal mechanical weathering, thick layering, and few basaltic bombs. The presence of wood and lapilli points to terrestrial deposition, likely from Strombolian volcanism tied to a regional rift, as evidenced by over 100 volcanic necks in central Scania.[26][27]

A borehole (KBH2) at Djupadalsmölla provides detailed stratigraphy.[28] The crystalline basement is 6.32 meters of weathered red-whitish gneiss, transitioning to kaolinite at the top.[29] The Jurassic strata include light to dark gray shale with a 30 cm silt/clay layer and coal, showing microfaults and volcanic fragments. The volcanic sequence, 19.50 meters thick, consists of lapilli tuff cemented by calcite or zeolite, with felsic xenoliths and accidental lithics.[30] Four subunits include varying textures, cement types, and preserved wood, indicating a dynamic depositional environment.[31]

Other nearby sites, like Karup, show 1–1.5-meter-thick pyroclastic layers with abundant charred and silicified wood.[32] Koholma features 0.5 meters of green-brown tuff with large clasts and plant remains, likely from volcanic sliding flows.[33] The Korsaröd Lagerstätte, a key outcrop, contains well-preserved fern fossils, linked to the Djupadal Formation and interpreted as a lahar deposit, comparable to modern Rotorua, New Zealand.[34][35]

Lithology

[edit]

The rocks at Djupadalsmölla are primarily volcanic tuff, composed of ash, sand, lapilli, and partially disintegrated basalt, with colors varying from blue-green to brown depending on weathering.[36] The tuff contains rounded grains, from pea to hazelnut size, cemented mainly by limestone.[37] Cavities are filled with secondary minerals like calcite, zeolites, and viridite, with cement consisting of limnic limestone and sandstone.[38] The rocks are classified as either feldspar basalt or limburgite (glass basalt), containing augite, olivine, and minor magnetite and ferrite.[39][40] The glass-like sections are porous, with olivine crystals and minor serpentine, cemented by limestone.[41] Volcanic bombs include red gneiss and amphibolite, alongside mica diorite, limestone, clay slate, and shale sandstone, often containing wood fragments.[42][13]

At Lilla Hagstad, the lithology includes nepheline basalt with a dark glass matrix containing nepheline, augite, olivine, and magnetite crystals. Rounded lapilli, from hazelnut to pea size, indicate subaerial eruption products.[43] The KBH2 borehole reveals volcaniclastic grains with swelling clay minerals from degraded ash and lapilli, cemented by calcite, chlorite, zeolites, and iron-rich siderite.[44] Siliclastic interbeds, rare and initially linked to the Höör Sandstone, include arkose sandstone with ripple marks and sandstone/claystone layers with coal and plant remains.[25][45]

Age and Correlations

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Simplified Paleogeography of the NGB in the Toarcian, with the extent of the Grimmen Formation and adjacent units, including the Skane Volcanics (marked with a Volcano)

The Djupadalsmölla deposits are dated to the Late Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian (approximately 184–176 Ma), based on palynology and radiometric data.[46][47] A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age of 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma from Lilla Hagstad confirms a Late Toarcian age.[48] Earlier K–Ar dating yielded a range of 171–179 Ma, while 40Ar/39Ar analyses from volcanic plugs suggest 191–178 Ma.[49][50] Palynological evidence from KBH2, including marine palynomorphs and specific pollen, supports a Latest Pliensbachian age.[51] The formation overlies the Höör Sandstone and correlates with the Rydebäck and Katslösa members of the Rya Formation, the Röddinge Formation, and the Sorthat Formation in Denmark, sharing abundant fern-derived miospores.[52] It also aligns with the Fjerritslev and Gassum Formations in the Danish and Øresund Basins.[53] Volcanic material was transported by fluvial channels to the Green Series of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Grimmen Formation), with clays likely derived from weathered volcanic deposits.[54] Erosion of the underlying Hettangian–Sinemurian Höör Sandstone contributed sands to the North German Basin.[55]

Basin history

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The Djupadalsmölla deposits formed within the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ), part of the Trans-European Suture Zone separating Baltica from peri-Gondwanan terranes, active since the Late Ordovician (~445 Ma). At the Carboniferous–Permian boundary (~300 Ma), the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province influenced the region.[56]

The basins of southern Sweden and eastern Denmark formed in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, coinciding with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), the largest igneous province in Earth’s history.[56] The Central Skåne Volcanic Province was active during the Pliensbachian to Toarcian (184–176 Ma), with Strombolian-style eruptions near Early Jurassic oceans.[57] No correlative pyroclastic beds have been identified in surrounding basins.[58] During the deposition of the Rya Formation’s Rydebäck Member, the Toarcian turnover caused widespread extinctions.[59]

Environment

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The Chaîne des Puys (Massif Central region) volcanoes were formed in a similar "sudden" way of the layers recovered at Djupadalsmölla and Karup.[60] Over this landscape environments similar to modern Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley where developed.[61]

The Djupadalsmölla deposits, with moderately sorted lapilli tuff and abundant wood, indicate a terrestrial environment influenced by freshwater.[26] Likely deposited in a fluvial setting with debris flows from nearby volcanoes like Äskekull, the site includes sandstone layers with ripple marks, suggesting coeval deposition with pyroclastics.[33][10] Barium-enriched zeolites suggest hydrothermal seawater circulation, causing diagenetic changes.[62]

The Sandåkra Lake which appeared before the emergence of the local volcanics, was likely born of an event where the hinterland flood a geological rift breach, in a similar way to modern Lake Rotokakahi of New Zealand

The KBH2 borehole indicates a weathered basement, likely altered in the 25 Ma between the Rhaetian and Late Pliensbachian, followed by a dark shale layer suggesting a marine-influenced lagoon or bay.[63] Palynology reveals a humid, moderately warm climate with conifer-dominated forests, ginkgoes, seed ferns, and fern understories, occasionally disrupted by forest fires.[64] Volcanic clasts and charred wood confirm deposition through forested areas into a shallow, low-energy water body, followed by marine transgression.[65]

At Korsaröd, freshwater algae and fossilized wood suggest a river-influenced, Mediterranean-type biome with low rainfall and active Strombolian volcanism, comparable to modern Rotorua, New Zealand.[66][47] The vegetation, dominated by Cupressaceae and Erdtmanithecales, faced volcanic disruptions and hydrothermal activity, with rapid wood permineralization.[67] Well-preserved Osmundastrum ferns indicate a moist gully engulfed by lahar deposits.[68]

Sandåkra Lake System

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North of the volcanic outcrops, the Sandåkra Sapropel, up to 150 meters thick, includes sandstones, clays, oil shales, and breccias, partly coeval with the Djupadal volcanism.[69][70] Deposited in a 70-meter-deep limnic/lacustrine deposit, likely formed in a tectonic breach or topographic depression, it lacks marine palynomorphs and contains volcanic minerals in its upper sections.[71] The lake, fed by ephemeral streams, developed anoxic conditions, similar to modern Lake Rotokakahi in New Zealand or the Toarcian Sichuan Lake (Ziliujing Formation), with upper sections influenced by volcanic material akin to the Waimangu Volcanic Valley.[72][73]

Fossils

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Pseudofungi

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Peronosporomycetes[68]

Indeterminate

  • Korsaröd
  • Oogonia
  • Ellipsoidal spores
  • Reticulum?

Was recovered from the petiole of the holotype of Osmundastrum pulchellum and interpreted as a peronosporomycete with parasitic or saprotrophic relation with this part of the plant. If the identification of the oogonia of peronosporomycetes is correct, then this implies regularly moist conditions for the growth of Osmundastrum pulchellum and this is consistent with the general habitat preferences of extant Osmundastrum.[68]

Extant Phytophthora, a Pseudofungal protist like the ones found Osmundastrum pulchellum

Fungi

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Fungi[68]

Indeterminate

  • Korsaröd
  • Spores
  • Hyphae

From the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum pulchellum where recovered thread-like structures, identified as derived from a pathogenic or saprotrophic fungus invading necrotic tissues of the host plant. The fungus' interaction with the plant was probably mycorrhizal.[68]

Extant Microglossum, a saprotrophic fungus whose Hypae are similar to the ones found O. pulchellum

Acritarchs

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Leiofusa[74]

  • L. jurassica
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Acritarch Incertae sedis

Leiosphaera[74]

  • L. sp. A (Gross)
  • L. sp. B (Thin)
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Acritarch Incertae sedis

Micrhystridium[74]

  • M. inconspicuum
  • M. stellatum
  • M. cf. fragile
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Acritarch Incertae sedis

Tetraporina[75]

  • T. tetragona
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Acritarch Incertae sedis

Veryhachium[75]

  • V. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Acritarch Incertae sedis

Dinoflagellates

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Cymatiosphaera[74]

  • C. sp.
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Cysts

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the family Pterospermopsidaceae inside Gonyaulacales.

Dapcodinium[75]

  • D. priscum
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Cysts

A marine/brackish Dinoflagellate, considered a primitive member of the order Peridiniales. A possible Fennoscandian endemism

Mancodinium[75]

  • M. semitabulatum
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Cysts

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the family Mancodinioideae.

Maturodinium[75]

  • M. inornatum
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Cysts

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, considered a primitive member of the order Peridiniales.

Mendicodinium[75]

  • M. groenlandicum
  • M. reticulatum
  • M. varigranosum
  • M. vermiculatum
  • M. sp. cf. morgenrothum
  • M. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Cysts

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the order Gonyaulacales.

Nannoceratopsis[74][75]

  • N. gracilis
  • N. cf. pellucida
  • N. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Cysts

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, type member of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae.

Chlorophyta

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Botryococcus[76][66][75]

  • B. braunii
  • B. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A freshwater algae, type member of Botryococcaceae inside Chlorophyta

Extant Botryococcus

Cymatiosphaera[75]

  • C. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A brackish/marine algae, member of Pterospermopsidaceae.

Lecaniella[66][75]

  • L. korsdoddensis
  • L. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A freshwater algae, member of Zygnemataceae inside Charophyceae. On some samples is the only recovered algae.

Leiosphaerida[75]

  • L. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A brackish/marine algae, member of Prasinophyceae.

Ovoidites[75]

  • O. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A brackish/marine algae, member of Zygnemataceae.

Pediastrum[66]

  • P. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A freshwater algae, member of Hydrodictyaceae inside Chlorophyceae.

Extant Pediastrum

Tasmanites[75]

  • T. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A brackish/marine algae, member of Pyramimonadaceae.

Bryophyta

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Annulispora[77]

  • A. folliculosa
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Sphagnopsida.

Polycingulatisporites[78]

  • P. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, related with the family Notothyladaceae inside Anthocerotopsida.

Rogalskaisporites[77]

  • R. cicatricosus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Sphagnopsida.

Stereisporites[46][78][77]

  • S. antiquasporis
  • S. aulosenensis
  • S. seebergensis
  • S. psilatus
  • S. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, member of Sphagnaceae inside Sphagnopsida. The most abundant bryophyte spore

Extant Sphagnum, typical example of Sphagnaceae. Stereisporites probably come from a similar or a related plant

Lycophyta

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Aequitriradites[79]

  • A. salebrosaceus
  • A. sp. nov.
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Selaginellaceae or Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida.

Aratrisporites[77]

  • A. minimus
  • A. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

Densoisporites[80]

D. crassus

  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Pleuromeiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida.

Kraeuselisporites[77]

  • K. reissingeri
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

Lycospora[77]

  • L. salebrosacea
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

Neoraistrickia[78]

  • N. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Selaginellaceae or Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. The most abundant Lycopsid spore recovered locally.

Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae. Neoraistrickia probably come from a similar or a related plant

Retitriletes[78][77]

  • R. austroclavatidites
  • R. clavatoides
  • R. semimuris
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Diverse, but less abundant

Extant Austrolycopodium, typical example of Lycopodiaceae. Retitriletes probably come from a similar or a related plant

Selaginellites?[81]

  • S.? sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Epiphytic lycopsid roots

External exotic roots are preserved within detritus-filled cavities between the petiole bases of Osmundastrum pulchellum, with wall thickenings similar to the vasculature evident in ancient and modern herbaceous lycopsids.[82]

Equisetopsida

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Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Calamospora[78][77]

  • C. tener
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Horsetails, herbaceous flora related to high humid environments, flooding tolerant plants.

Extant Equisetum cone, the typical example of the Equisetopsida. Calamospora spores are pretty similar to the extant ones

Filicopsida

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Acanthotriletes[79]

  • A. ovalis
  • A. trigonis
  • A. varius
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

Affinities with the Botryopteridaceae inside Filicopsida. Reworked from primitive ferns found in Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of Europe

Apiculatasporites[83]

A. varians

  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Zygopteridaceae inside Filicopsida.

Auritulinasporites[84]

  • A. intrastriatus
  • A. scanicus
  • A. triclavis
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Matoniaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Matonia, typical example of the Matoniaceae. Auritulinasporites may have come from a similar genus

Baculatisporites[85][77]

  • B. comaumensis
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae or Hymenophyllaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Hymenophyllum, typical example of the Hymenophyllaceae. Baculatisporites may have come from a similar genus

Bracteolinasporites[86]

  • B. clavatus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Cibotiumspora[78][87][77]

  • C. jurienensis
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[87]

Conbaculatisporites[78][77]

  • C. mesozoicus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Concavisporites[88][74]

  • C.crassexinius
  • C. Sp
  • Bonnarp Volcano
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cibotiaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Matoniaceae and Dipteridaceae inside Filicopsida.

Contignisporites[89]

  • C. problematicus
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cibotiaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Cibotium, typical example of the Cibotiaceae. Contignisporites may have come from a similar genus

Corrugatisporites[90]

  • C. klukiformis
  • C. scanicus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, related to Schizaeaceae inside Filicopsida. Miospores of the fern Klukia exilis

Cosmosporites[91]

  • C. elegans
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Converrucosisporites[77]

  • C. Sp
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Cyathidites[78][87][74][77]

  • C. australis
  • C. minor
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[87] Cyathidites minor almost certainly belong to well known Mesozoic species Coniopteris hymenophylloides and to other fossil cyatheaceous or dicksoniaceous ferns such as Eboracia lobifolia and Dicksonia mariopteri.

Extant Cyathea, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. Cyathidites may have come from a similar genus

Cyclinasporites[92]

  • C. minutus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Deltoidospora[78][87][77]

  • D. toralis
  • D. australis
  • D.minor
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Gleicheniaceae and Schizaeaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.[87]

Gleicheniidites[74][77]

  • G. conspiciendus
  • G. senonicus
  • G. Sp
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Gleicheniaceae inside Filicopsida.

Laevigatosporites[77]

  • L’’. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Marattiales inside Filicopsida.

Lycopodiacidites[93][77]

  • L. rugulatus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Ophioglossaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Ophioglossum, typical example of the Ophioglossaceae. Lycopodiacidites may have come from a similar genus

Marattisporites[46][78][94][77]

  • M. scabratus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Marattiaceae inside Filicopsida. The second most abundant spore recovered on the location

Extant Marattia, typical example of the Marattiaceae. Marattisporites may have come from a similar genus

Matonisporites[77]

  • M. phlebopteroides
  • M. Sp
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Matoniaceae inside Filicopsida.

Osmundacidites[46][78][74][77]

  • O. wellmanii
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Osmunda, typical example of the Osmundaceae. Osmundacidites may have come from a similar genus

Osmundastrum[95][96]

  • Korsaröd
 Permineralized Rizhome

A small (50 cm tall) Royal Fern, member of Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida. The most known fossil of the location, thanks to its exceptional fossilized Rhizome, that has preserved Nuclei and Chromosomes, a fine subcellular detail has rarely been documented in fossils.[97] Its Rooted in DNA content was used to extrapolate relative genome, finding relationships with extant Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, and confirmed a monophyletic Osmunda.[98]

Osmundastrum pulchellum rhizome

Punctatasporites[99][77]

  • P. flavus
  • P. globosus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Skarbysporites[77]

  • S. crassexina
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Simplicesporites[100]

  • S. granulosus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Striatella[46][78][77]

  • S. seebergensis
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Polypodiaceae inside Filicopsida.

Tigrisporites[77]

  • T. scurrandus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Trachysporites[94][77]

  • T. asper
  • T. fuscus
  • T. microclavatus
  • T. punctulosus
  • T. sparsus
  • T. tuberosus
  • T. Sp
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Todisporites[93][66]

  • T. major
  • T. minor
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Extant Osmunda, typical example of the Osmundaceae. Todisporites may have come from a similar genus

Undulatisporites[101]

  • U. arquatus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Miospores

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

Zebrasporites[102][77]

  • Z. interscriptus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Miospores

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae inside Filicopsida. Arboreal Fern Miospores.

Extant Cyathea, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. Zebrasporites may have come from a similar genus

Peltaspermales

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Alisporites[103][104][66][105]

  • A. grandis
  • A. thomasii
  • A. robustus
  • A. microsaccus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Chordasporites[105]

  • C. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Corystospermaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Caytonipollenites[106]

  • C. sp.
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Crassipollenites[107]

  • C. classopolloides
  • C. diffusus
  • C. rugosus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Ovalipollis[74]

  • O. sp.
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Pityopollenites[107]

  • P. pallidus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Protopinus[108]

  • P. scanicus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Schismatosporites[109]

  • S. ovalis
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

Vitreisporites[46][78][110][105]

  • V. bjuvensis
  • V. pallidus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, afinnities with Caytoniales inside Gymnospermopsida.

Erdtmanithecales

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Eucommiidites[46][66][74][109][77]

  • E. troedssonii
  • E. minor
  • E. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Erdtmanithecales inside Spermatophytes. The Gymnosperms that produced Eucommiidites troedsonii pollen possibly dominated the understorey vegetation.

Gnetales

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Equisetosporites[99]

  • E. hallei
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Ephedraceae inside Gnetopsida. This Pollen grain was thought to be from Equisetaleans, yet was found in Ephedra chinleana

Extant Ephedra, typical example of Ephedraceae. Equisetosporites probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Cycadophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Bennettitaceaeacuminella[74]

  • B. sp.
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Pollen

A Pollen Grain, affinities with Cycadeoidaceae and Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. A genus used to classify Bennetittalean grains of uncertain provenance

Chasmatosporites[46][66][111][105]

  • C. apertus
  • C. elegans
  • C. hians
  • C. crassus
  • C. flavus
  • C. latus
  • C. magnolioides
  • C. major
  • C. minor
  • C. radiatus
  • C. rimatus
  • C. scaber
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida, Corystospermaceae and Araucariaceae. Is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius.

Extant Encephalartos laevifolius. Chasmatosporites maybe come from a related plant

Clavatipollenites[77]

  • C. hughesii
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida, Bennettitales, and Axelrodiales

Cycadidae[112]

  • Indeterminate
  • Djupadalsmölla
 Coalified Cuticles

A Cycad, afinnities with Cycadidae inside Cycadopsida.

Entylissa[92]

  • E. pyriformis
  • E. reticulata
  • E. tecta
  • E. tenuis
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

Extant Encephalartos, typical example of the Cycas. Monosulcites pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Monocolpopollenites[101]

  • M. acerrimus
  • M. cotidianus
  • M. fusiformis
  • M. magnus
  • M. ovalis
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

Monosulcites[46][66][108][105]

  • M. punctatus
  • M. magnolioides
  • M. echinatus
  • M. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

Ptilophyllum[113]

  • P. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Leaf Impression

A Bennetite, afinnities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. This single impression of a bennettitalean leaf fragment found in a fine ash layer constituted the only foliar remains identified within the volcaniclastic deposit of Korsaröd

Example of Ptilophyllum leaf

Ginkgophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Ginkgoites[66]

  • G. nitidus
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Ginkgoales inside Ginkgophyta. Ginkgoales trend to spike towards the Toarcian in the Northern European region, as seen in the coeval Sorthat Formation of Bornholm

Extant Ginkgo, only surviving example of the Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgoites Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Coniferophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Araucariacites[66][105]

  • A. australis
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

Callialasporites[105]

  • C. turbatus
  • C. sp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

Cedripites[66]

  • C. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Extant Cedrus Cone, example of the Pinidae. Cedripites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Cerebropollenites[66][74][106][105]

  • C. mesozoicus
  • C. macroverrucosus
  • C. thiergartii
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae inside Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants

Extant Sciadopitys. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant

Classopollis[46][66][74][114][105]

  • C. classoides
  • C. meyerianus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Exesipollenites[105]

  • E. tumulus
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Lowland (coastal) indicator

Granulonapites[100]

  • G. baculatus
  • G. punctatus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

Inaperturopollenites[115]

  • I. flavus
  • I. globulus
  • I. irregularis
  • I. orbiculatus
  • I. sublevis
  • I. triangularis
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Its abundance at Sandåkra Borehole can indicate the presence of a Taxodium Swamp-like habitat

Parvisaccites[116]

  • P. enigmatus
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A Pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Extant Podocarpus Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Parvisaccites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Perinopollenites[46][66][105]

  • P. elatoides
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Affiliated with extant genera such as Thuja plicata

Extant Thuja Cone, example of the Cupressaceae. Perinopollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Piceoideae[117]

  • Indeterminate
  • Djupadalsmölla
 Coalified cuticles

A conifer, affinities with Piceoideae inside Pinaceae. One of the branched leaves found wears ano organic structure that resembles extant Spruces. Likely belong to the common Picea-like foliage of Pityocladus

Pinoideae[118]

  • Indeterminate A
  • Indeterminate B
  • Djupadalsmölla
 Coalified cuticles

A conifer, afinnities with Pinoideae inside Pinaceae. In the initial revision of Djupadalsmölla Nathorst determined that some of the plant remains come from conifers. Latter revision showed that three clearly distinct species are represented and two resemble the genus Pinus. Likely belong to Schizolepidopsis, as is the most common Pinaceae in the Eurasian region in the Jurassic

Pinuspollenites[66][105]

  • P. minimus
  • P. pinoides
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Example of extant Pinus, Pinuspollenites pollen is considered related with it

Protocedroxylon[119]

  • P. lindleyanum
  • P. spp.
  • Korsaröd
  • Karup
  • Färingtofta
  • Snalleröd
 Fossil wood

A conifer, affinities with Pinaceae (Probably Abietoideae) inside Coniferophyta. Referred originally to the genus Cedroxylon, using it as reference to establish an Eocene age for the volcanic deposits, as similar wood from Eocene age was recovered from Jutland.[119] This genus has been found to not be suitable to Mesozoic woods, and material similar to the one recovered on the volcanic deposits has been assigned to Tiloxylon (=Protocedroxylon), also known in the Toarcian of Greenland.[120]

Protopiceoxylon[121]

  • P. spp.
  • Djupadalsmölla
 Fossil Wood

A conifer, affinities with Piceoideae inside Coniferophyta. Various Pinus-like woods are identified in Djupadalsmölla, they indicate that the lava flows flowed from a nearby forest setting.

Protophyllocladoxylon[122]

  • P. spp.
  • Korsaröd
  • Djupadal
  • Karup
  • Färingtofta
  • Snalleröd
  • Sjöberga
  • Säte
  • Knutshög
  • Bonnarp
 Fossil wood

A conifer, affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. The main diagnostic wood recovered locally, identified based on the possession of uniseriate rays with smooth walls, pointed oblique oopores, absence of axial parenchyma, and tracheid radial walls. It resembles the extant Thuja plicata, but hosts a mean rings more similar to Juniperus thurifera. A few fossil wood specimens clearly represent portions of large trunks, with at least one fragment derived from a trunk of 1.68 m in diameter (with estimated c.5.3 m). Although, most specimens represent lateral branches or even roots of small size (10 cm long and 5 cm wide).[123] Its growth rings are distinct in all wood samples.[124]

Permineralized Protophyllocladoxylon wood with a branch trace recovered from the volcaniclastic sediments at Korsaröd

Podocarpidites[105]

  • P. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Phyllocladiidites[105]

  • P. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis affinities inside Coniferophyta.

Quadraeculina[66][105]

  • Q. anaellaeformis
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Rugaletes[66]

  • R. sp.
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Coniferophyta.

Spheripollenites[66][77]

  • S. psilatus
  • S. subgranulatus
  • S. spp.
  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Sulcatisporites[115]

  • S. pinoides
  • S. quadratus
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Taedaepollenites[125]

  • T. scaurus
  • T. kraeuseli
  • Sandåkra Borehole
 Pollen

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Arachnida

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Oribatida[87]

Indeterminate

  • Korsaröd
  • Excavated areas filled with coprolites

On the petiole of Osmundastrum puchellum excavations up to 715 μm in diameter are evident, filled with pellets that resemble the coprolites of Oribatid mites found also on Paleozoic and Mesozoic Woods.[87]

example of Oribatida mite

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Lidmar-Bergström, Olsson, & Olvmo (1997) p. 98
  2. ^ Augustsson (2001) p. 23
  3. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 128
  4. ^ a b c d Lidmar-Bergström, Olsson, & Olvmo (1997) p. 99
  5. ^ Sivhed (1984) p. 26
  6. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 127
  7. ^ Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 30
  8. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 128
  9. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 141
  10. ^ a b Augustsson (2001) p. 24
  11. ^ Kjellen (1902) p. 208
  12. ^ Kjellen (1902) p. 209
  13. ^ a b Eichstädt (1883) p. 412
  14. ^ Ringberg (1984) p. 59
  15. ^ Liboriussen, Ashton & Tygesen (1987) p. 22
  16. ^ Berthelsen (1992) p. 154
  17. ^ Berthelsen (1992) p. 162
  18. ^ Erlström, Thomas & Sivhed (1997) p. 210
  19. ^ Norling & Bergström (1987) p. 17
  20. ^ Obst, Solyom & Johansson (2004) p. 261
  21. ^ Tappe (2004) p. 327
  22. ^ Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 28
  23. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 413
  24. ^ Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 50
  25. ^ a b Augustsson (2001) p. 25
  26. ^ a b Augustsson (2001) p. 27
  27. ^ Augustsson (2001) p. 28
  28. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.7
  29. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.11
  30. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.15
  31. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.17-19
  32. ^ Augustsson (1999) p. 5-6
  33. ^ a b Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 52
  34. ^ Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014) p. 1376
  35. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 139
  36. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 408
  37. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 409
  38. ^ Svedmark (1883) p. 575
  39. ^ Eichstädt (1883b) p. 776
  40. ^ Svedmark (1883) p. 576
  41. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 411
  42. ^ Svedmark (1883) p. 581
  43. ^ Henning (1902) p. 357
  44. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.20
  45. ^ Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 51
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014), Supplementary Material p. 2
  47. ^ a b Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 134
  48. ^ Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 34
  49. ^ Klingspor (1976) p. 207
  50. ^ Bergelin (2009) p. 168
  51. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.30
  52. ^ Ahlberg, Sivhed & Erlström (2003) p. 529
  53. ^ Ahlberg, Sivhed & Erlström (2003) p. 534
  54. ^ Stumpf, Ansorge & Grimmberger (2016) p. 137
  55. ^ Stumpf, Ansorge & Grimmberger (2016) p. 138
  56. ^ a b Bryan & Ferrari, 2013, p.1058
  57. ^ Bergelin, 2009 p. 166
  58. ^ Ahlberg et al., 2003, p.539
  59. ^ Harries & Little, 1999
  60. ^ Augustsson (1999) p. 14
  61. ^ Vajda, McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2014) p. 26
  62. ^ Augustsson (1999) p. 15
  63. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.26-27
  64. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.28
  65. ^ Wahlquist (2023) p.29
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 133
  67. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 142
  68. ^ a b c d e McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 93
  69. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 3
  70. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 151
  71. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 5
  72. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 6
  73. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 154
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bölau & Kockel-Brosius (1965) p. 55
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wahlquist (2023) p.22
  76. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 33
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Wahlquist (2023), p23
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 132
  79. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 29
  80. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 130
  81. ^ McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 88
  82. ^ McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 89
  83. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 31
  84. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 32
  85. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 132
  86. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 34
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 91
  88. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 38
  89. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 134
  90. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 40
  91. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 41
  92. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 43
  93. ^ a b Tralau (1973) p. 131
  94. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 50
  95. ^ Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2014) p. 5
  96. ^ Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2015) p. 6
  97. ^ Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2015) p. 8
  98. ^ Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014) p. 1378
  99. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 45
  100. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 47
  101. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 51
  102. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 133
  103. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 30
  104. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 135
  105. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wahlquist (2023) p.21
  106. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 35
  107. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 42
  108. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 44
  109. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 46
  110. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 52
  111. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 36
  112. ^ Tullberg & Nathorst (1880) p. 232
  113. ^ McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 87
  114. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 37
  115. ^ a b Nilsson (1958) p. 48
  116. ^ Tralau (1973) p. 136
  117. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 115
  118. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 114
  119. ^ a b Tralau (1973) p. 121
  120. ^ Philippe & Bamford (2008) p. 193
  121. ^ Eichstädt (1883) p. 415
  122. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 138
  123. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 136
  124. ^ Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 137
  125. ^ Nilsson (1958) p. 49

Bibliography

[edit]
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