Draft:Climate of Tsada
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Tsada is a village located in the Paphos District of Cyprus,[1] situated at an elevation of approximately 600 meters (1,970 ft) above sea level.[2][3][4][5][6][7] This altitude significantly influences its local climate compared to the coastal areas of Paphos.[8] The climate is classified as a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[9] but its characteristics are distinctly moderated by the higher elevation, leading to cooler temperatures, especially in summer, and higher precipitation compared to the coast.[10][11]
Temperature
[edit]Due to its elevation, Tsada experiences noticeably cooler temperatures than the city of Paphos located on the coast.[12] In terms of temperature, the average daily maximum during the winter months ranges from 13°C (55°F) in January to 13.5°C (56.3°F) in February. Nighttime temperatures are notably cooler, with average daily minimums falling to 5.6°C (42.1°F) in January and 5.3°C (41.5°F) in February . It is important to note that these are average figures, and actual temperatures during winter in Tsada can indeed drop to 0°C or even below, particularly during the night. The occurrence of frost is a common phenomenon, experienced almost every winter in the village.[13][14]
As spring unfolds, the average daily maximum temperatures in Tsada show a consistent upward trajectory. In March, the average high reaches 15.4°C (59.7°F), followed by a rise to 19.2°C (66.6°F) in April, and culminating in a more substantial increase to 23.4°C (74.1°F) in May. The nighttime lows also follow this warming pattern, with average daily minimum temperatures increasing from 6.4°C (43.5°F) in March to 9.0°C (48.2°F) in April, and then to a more comfortable 12.5°C (54.5°F) in May.
The summer months in Tsada, from June to August, are characterized by hot and dry conditions, consistent with the broader Mediterranean climate of Cyprus . Temperature-wise, the summer in Tsada sees high average daily maximums. June records an average high of 28.0°C (82.4°F), which then climbs to 30.7°C (87.3°F) in July, and peaks at 31.0°C (87.8°F) in August 1. Nighttime temperatures also remain warm, with average daily minimums of 16.5°C (61.7°F) in June, 18.6°C (65.5°F) in July, and 19.2°C (66.6°F) in August.
- Summers (June–September) are warm to hot and sunny, but the heat is less intense and humidity lower than at sea level. Daytime maximum temperatures are typically several degrees Celsius lower than coastal Paphos. Nights are generally cooler and more comfortable.
- Winters (December–February) are mild but cooler than the coast. Frost can occur during clear nights, particularly in January and February, and minimum temperatures can occasionally dip close to or slightly below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F). While significant snowfall is rare, light dustings of snow are possible during colder periods, which is uncommon in coastal Paphos.
- Spring (March–May) and Autumn (October–November) are pleasant transitional seasons with comfortable temperatures.
Precipitation
[edit]Tsada follows the typical Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with most rainfall occurring during the winter months and very dry summers.[15][16][17] It receives 610 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall annually.[18][19][20]
- The rainy season typically runs from late October/November to March. December and January are usually the wettest months.[21][22][23][24][25]
- Due to its altitude and location on the windward slopes relative to prevailing weather systems, Tsada generally receives higher annual rainfall than coastal Paphos. Orographic lift likely enhances precipitation amounts.[26][27][28]
- Summers are predominantly dry, with minimal rainfall between June and September.[29]
- Occasional thunderstorms can occur, mainly during spring and autumn.[30]
Sunshine
[edit]Like the rest of Cyprus, Tsada enjoys high levels of sunshine throughout the year, even during the wetter winter months. Summers are characterized by almost uninterrupted sunshine.
Microclimate Factors
[edit]- Altitude: The primary factor differentiating Tsada's climate from coastal Paphos. It leads to lower temperatures year-round, reduced summer humidity, potential for frost/snow[31][32] in winter, and increased precipitation.[33][34][35][36]
- Topography: The hilly terrain can influence local wind patterns and temperature variations within the village area.[37][38][39][40]
- Distance from the Sea: Being inland and elevated reduces the direct moderating influence of the Mediterranean Sea compared to coastal locations.[41][42]
| Climate data for Tsada, Cyprus (612 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13 (55) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
| Source: https://en.climate-data.org/asia/cyprus/tsada/tsada-101223 | |||||||||||||
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Geology & Topography
[edit]Tsada is built at an average altitude of 600 meters. From a morphological point of view, the landscape of the village is characterized by rounded chalk hills covered with vines or with natural vegetation dominated by thyme, konizo, mosfilia and spaladkia. The relief is dissected by small streams that originate from the hills of the area and flow into the western sea area of Paphos.
From a geological point of view, the administrative area of the village is dominated by deposits of the Pachna formation (alternating layers of chalk, marl and sandstone) and deposits of the Lefkara formation (chalk, marl and hornblende). Calcareous soils developed on these rocks. Tsada receives an average annual rainfall of about 610 millimeters. Viticulture has been the main occupation and the main source of income for most residents of the community since ancient times. Grapes are cultivated in Tsada, mainly of wine-making varieties. In addition to grapes, cereals, cash crops, carob trees, olive trees, walnut trees, almond trees, a few fruit trees (apple trees, pear trees and orange trees) and a few vegetables and legumes are cultivated. Livestock farming is limited.[43] These climatic characteristics of Tsada contribute to its unique appeal and have implications for various activities in the region. Agriculture in Tsada faces challenges and advantages due to the specific climate patterns, influencing the type of crops grown and the cultivation techniques employed.[44]
Paphos
[edit]Compared to Paphos city:
- Tsada has cooler summer maximum and minimum temperatures.[45][46]
- Tsada experiences lower humidity levels during summer.
- Tsada has cooler winter temperatures, with a higher likelihood of frost and occasional light snow.[47][48][49][50][51][52]
- Tsada generally receives higher annual precipitation.[53][54][55][56][57]
Climate
[edit]Tsada has as hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).[58] Its winter months are much more rainy than summer months. Frost occasionally occurs at night almost every winter and snow falls in some winters. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 or less.[59][60]
| Climate data for Tsada, Cyprus (612 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13 (55) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 168.2 (6.62) |
72.13 (2.84) |
45.15 (1.78) |
14.65 (0.58) |
5.75 (0.23) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.05 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
14.45 (0.57) |
44.7 (1.76) |
80.9 (3.19) |
175.1 (6.89) |
621.28 (24.46) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 70 | 62 | 55 | 49 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 67 | 75 | 63 |
| Source: Climate Tsada[61] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Paphos (Paphos International Airport) (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
42.5 (108.5) |
38.4 (101.1) |
41.6 (106.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.6 (96.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
42.5 (108.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.3 (63.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 89.5 (3.52) |
60.1 (2.37) |
34.5 (1.36) |
15.2 (0.60) |
11.1 (0.44) |
1.6 (0.06) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
4.2 (0.17) |
21.7 (0.85) |
57.5 (2.26) |
97.6 (3.84) |
393.3 (15.48) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 69 | 66 | 65 | 69 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 180.1 | 191.2 | 245.5 | 277.9 | 336.6 | 371.8 | 381.6 | 355.0 | 312.3 | 278.3 | 219.7 | 181.0 | 3,331 |
| Source: NOAA[61] | |||||||||||||
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