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Government of Peace and Unity

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Government of Peace and Unity
حكومة السلام والوحدة
Hukumat Al-Salam Walwahda
Overview
Established15 April 2025
StateAreas of Sudan controlled by the RSF and allied groups
LeaderHemedti
Appointed bySudan Founding Alliance
Responsible toSudan Founding Alliance
HeadquartersTBD

The Government of Peace and Unity (Arabic: حكومة السلام والوحدة, romanized: hukumat alsalam walwahda) is a parallel government established in April 2025 to administer areas of Sudan controlled by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied groups during the Sudanese Civil War, in opposition to the transitional cabinet appointed by the Transitional Sovereignty Council.

Background

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Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in a coup d'état in April 2019 following a series of large-scale protests. A 39-month transition to democracy was planned with the role of head of state being performed by a Transitional Sovereignty Council and a transitional government led by Abdalla Hamdok was formed to govern the country until elections planned for July 2023. The transition period ended abruptly when the transitional government was dissolved following a further coup d'état, led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, in October 2021. A civil war between the al-Burhan led Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by Hemedti broke out in April 2023. Initially the RSF gained control of most of the capital, Khartoum and parts of Southern and Western Sudan. However, by early 2025, the SAF had regained ground around Khartoum and by mid-February 2025, had control over about two thirds of the Khartoum metropolitan area.[1]

Establishment

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See also: Sudan Founding Alliance

The Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, announced plans for the formation of a civilian led transitional government on 10 February 2025.[2][3] In response, the RSF convened a conference in Nairobi, Kenya on 18 February 2025 to draft a Sudan Founding Charter leading to the formation of a Sudan Founding Alliance.[4][5][6] On 4 March 2025, the Sudan Founding Alliance announced that it had adopted a transitional constitutional framework to pave the way for the formation of a rival Government of Peace and Unity to administer territory under the control of the RSF and allied groups.[7][8][9][10]

Consultations on the make up of the proposed government began on 23 February 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya.[11] However, on 24 February 2025, disagreements emerged between members of the Sudan Founding Alliance over allocation of positions within the proposed government.[12] On 8 March 2025, the RSF announced that arrangements to form the Government of Peace and Unity were complete and plans to issue passports, official documents and currency were being prepared.[13] On 25 March 2025, it was reported that the Rapid Support Forces would gain the chairmanship of the presidential council and at least 40% of positions on the transitional cabinet, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (al Hilu) would gain the vice-chairmanship of the presidential council and 30% of positions on the transitional cabinet with the remainder shared between the other members of the Sudan Founding Alliance.[14] On 28 March 2025, it was announced that the commander of the Rapid Support Forces, Hemedti, was nominated to be the chairman of the Presidential Council in the future government. Along with this announcement, it was announced that negotiations are nearing their close and the government would likely be formed shortly after Eid al-Fitr.[15][16] On 14 April 2025, Sudan's foreign minister Ali Youssef al-Sharif said he expected the GPU to be established that week.[17] Rapid Support Forces leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo officially announced the establishment of the Government of Peace and Unity on 15 April 2025.[18][19][20] The following day, Dagalo stated that the parallel government would begin issuing its own identity cards and currency. [21]

Structure

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Territory controlled by the RSF shown in green and by the SPLM-North (al Hilu) in yellow

The transitional constitutional framework adopted by the Sudan Founding Alliance on 4 March 2025 prescribed the structure of the Government of Peace and Unity. It contains provisions for the division of Sudan into eight administrative regions and defines the powers of national, regional and local authorities.[10][22][9]

Presidential Council

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A Presidential Council is to serve as the collective head of state. It is to have 15 members, including provincial governors, and is to be nominated by the Sudan Founding Alliance.[22][10] Hemedti was announced as the chairman of the presidential council on 28 March 2025.[23]

Members
  • Hemedti (Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo) - Chair

Transitional Cabinet

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A Transitional Cabinet is to consist of a prime minister, nominated by the Sudan Founding Alliance, and up to 16 other ministers nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the signatories to the Sudan Founding Charter.[22][10]

Constituent Legislative Body

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A bicameral Constituent Legislative Body is to be made up of a 24 member Council of Regions and a 177 member Council of Deputies.[22][10]

Regions

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The transitional constitutional framework proposes dividing the country into eight Regions: Khartoum Region, Eastern Region, Northern Region, Darfur Region, Central Region, Kordofan Region, South Kordofan/Nuba Mountains Region, and New Funj Region.[22][10]

Reaction

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Sudan
  • Sudan The Transitional Sovereignty Council-backed foreign ministry described the proposed formation of a parallel government as an "act of hostility"[24][25] adding that the move “promotes the dismembering of African states, violates their sovereignty, and interferes in their internal affairs.[26] Sudan recalled its ambassador to Kenya on 20 February 2025.[27] On 22 February 2025, Sudan’s foreign ministry stated that it was planning to impose a ban on Kenyan goods entering the country[28][29] which came into force on 14 March 2025.[30]
Other states
  • Algeria Algeria called the formation of a parallel government a "dangerous step that fuels further fragmentation and derails current efforts for peace and dialogue".[31][32]
  • China The People's Republic of China believes that creation of a parallel government "risks increasing the fragmentation of the Sudan".[31]
  • Egypt Egypt’s foreign minister Badr Abdelatty criticised the RSF’s efforts to form a parallel government stating that Egypt "rejects the establishment of any other framework or parallel government to the legitimate government in Sudan and rejects any external interference in Sudan."[33]
  • Guyana Guyana supported a statement during a meeting of the United Nations Security Council that urged the RSF to "put the unity and national interest of Sudan above all other considerations"[31]
  • India India foreign ministry Javed Khan King described the proposed formation of a parallel government of hostility"
  • Jordan Jordan's foreign ministry issued a statement "reject[ing] attempts that may threaten to undermine the unity of the sisterly Republic of Sudan, by calling for the formation of a parallel Sudanese government, which hinders efforts to reach a solution to the Sudanese crisis."[34]
  • Kenya Kenya defended its role in hosting the RSF led conference, with Prime Cabinet Secretary, Musalia Mudavadi, stating that "Kenya's actions were in line with its broader role in peace negotiations and its commitment to supporting Sudan in finding a resolution to its ongoing political crisis".[35][36] On 8 April 2025, Mudavadi clarified that the RSF had not formally established a parallel government in Kenya in February.[37] Mudavadi later stated that "Kenya supports a unified Sudan" and "advocates for a Sudanese-owned political process."[38]
  • Kuwait Kuwait's foreign ministry rejected any actions taken outside Sudan’s official institutions, calling them interference and a threat to territorial integrity.[39]
  • Pakistan Pakistan reaffirmed its commitment to Sudan’s unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity and strongly condemned attempts to establish a parallel government in Sudan, warning that any move that violates the UN Charter will only deepen instability.[40]
  • Qatar Qatar stated that it supported the unity and sovereignty of Sudan and rejected any outside interference in its internal affairs.[41]
  • Russia Russia called for the UN to support Sudan's peace process and warned against "parallel steps".[32]
  • Saudi Arabia The foreign ministry of Saudi Arabia "rejected any illegitimate steps or measures taken outside the framework of the Republic of Sudan's official institutions".[42]
  • Sierra Leone Sierra Leone supported a statement during a meeting of the United Nations Security Council that urged the RSF to "put the unity and national interest of Sudan above all other considerations."[31]
  • Somalia Somalia supported a statement during a meeting of the United Nations Security Council that urged the RSF to "put the unity and national interest of Sudan above all other considerations"[31]
  • South Korea South Korea highlighted a contradiction between the RSF’s stated aim of forming a peaceful, unified government and its actions on the ground at a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[43]
  • Uganda Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni stated that he will not recognize any parallel government formed by the RSF.[44]
  • United Kingdom The United Kingdom expressed "deep concern" over the development during a meeting of the United Nations Security Council where the British representative stated that "Respect for Sudan's charter rights, its unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity is vital and will be necessary for a sustainable end to this war".[31][45]
  • United States The United States ambassador to the United Nations added that "attempts by the RSF and aligned actors to establish a government in RSF-controlled territory in Sudan are unhelpful for the cause of peace and security in Sudan, and risks a de facto partition of the country."[31]
International organisations
  • African Union The African Union Peace and Security Council expressed grave concern about the RSF's attempts to establish a parallel government, adding that it will not recognise any such government and urged member states to not recognise a parallel government proclaimed by the RSF.[46][47]
  • Arab League The Arab League expressed its "deep concern and strong disapproval of any actions that could undermine Sudan’s unity or lead to its division".[48]
  • The International Conference on the Great Lakes Region expressed serious concern about the RSF establishing a parallel governing authority in areas they control.[49]
  • United Nations A spokesperson for the United Nations stated that the Sudan crisis could worsen if paramilitaries declare a parallel government adding that preserving the unity of Sudan, the sovereignty and the territorial integrity, remains a key ingredient for a sustainable resolution of the conflict.[50][51]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Sudan civil war: Army plans new government as it advances in capital". 10 February 2025.
  2. ^ Newspaper, The Peninsula (2025-02-08). "Sudan's army chief plans transitional govt amid military advances". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  3. ^ Nigeria, News Agency of (2025-02-10). "Sudan's foreign ministry announces plans for transitional government". Peoples Gazette Nigeria. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  4. ^ "Sudan: Founding Charter Signed in Nairobi for a "Parallel Government" in the Areas of Dagalo's Forces".
  5. ^ CORRESPONDENT (2025-02-18). "Sudan's militia backed factions agree to form parallel govts". Capital News. Retrieved 2025-03-05. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ Juma (2025-02-18). "Ruto Allows Sudan's Militia To Form Parallel Government In Nairobi". Soko Directory. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  7. ^ https://x.com/mundir1890125/status/1896902887860842980
  8. ^ "Sudan's RSF signs 'transitional constitution': Alliance member". Al Arabiya English. 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  9. ^ a b "Sudan's RSF and allies formalise vision for parallel government". Reuters. 2025-03-04.
  10. ^ a b c d e f https://x.com/TaseesSFA/status/1896885586897621413
  11. ^ m (2025-02-24). "Tasees begins consultations to form the Government of Peace and Unity". Assayha Newspaper. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  12. ^ "Power struggle rocks RSF, derails plot on parallel Sudan regime". Nation. 2025-02-26. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  13. ^ https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5119687-rsf-says-arrangements-complete-formation-parallel-govt-sudan
  14. ^ https://sudantribune.com/article299027/
  15. ^ https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5126609-sudan-founding-alliance-nominates-hemedti-lead-presidential-council-parallel
  16. ^ https://thesudantimes.com/sudan/rsf-chief-dagalo-to-lead-civilian-government-saudi-paper/
  17. ^ Mulla, Imran (14 April 2025). "Sudan warns RSF could declare new government during London conference". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
  18. ^ https://trt.global/afrika-english/article/bfe2fbb534da
  19. ^ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/15/sudan-paramilitary-declares-rival-government-two-years-into-civil-war?traffic_source=rss
  20. ^ https://x.com/AdiadoMichael/status/1912265665588633607
  21. ^ https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/hemedti-sudan-government-of-peace-and-unity-to-issue-new-currency-and-ids
  22. ^ a b c d e "Sudan RSF-aligned groups sign transitional charter in Nairobi, back secular state". Sudan Tribune. 2025-03-04.
  23. ^ https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5126609-sudan-founding-alliance-nominates-hemedti-lead-presidential-council-parallel
  24. ^ Obura, Fred (19 February 2025). "Sudan Accuses Kenya of 'Act of Hostility' for Hosting Rebel Groups - Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets & Finance Insights". kenyanwallstreet.com. Archived from the original on 2025-02-19. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  25. ^ "Sudan slams Kenya for hosting RSF government declaration". Mwanzo TV. 2025-02-19. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  26. ^ "Kenya Under Fire for Hosting Sudan Rebel Group". 19 February 2025.
  27. ^ "Sudan recalls Kenya envoy, accuses Ruto of undermining ties". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  28. ^ Dijana, Abu (2025-02-22). "وكيل الخارجية لـ"المحقق": الحكومة تدرس حظر استيراد المنتجات الكينية - المحقق". المحقق (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2025-02-22. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  29. ^ "Sudan junta threatens to cut tea imports from Kenya". Nation. 2025-02-22. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  30. ^ "Sudan bans all imports from Kenya after it hosted civil war rivals". BBC. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g The New Arab Staff & Agencies. "At Security Council, concerns over 'fragmentation' of Sudan". The New Arab. Archived from the original on 2025-02-27. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  32. ^ a b SudanTribune (2025-02-27). "African nations to UN condemn parallel Sudan government plan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  33. ^ "Egypt rejects formation of any parallel government in Sudan: Khartoum". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  34. ^ https://x.com/ForeignMinistry/status/1896283332973097366
  35. ^ https://x.com/eliudkibii/status/1892252627146330361
  36. ^ "Kenya defends decision to host Sudan 'rebels'". The EastAfrican. 2025-02-20. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  37. ^ https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/110796-no-parallel-govt-was-formed-rsf-kenya-mudavadi
  38. ^ https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/kenya/kenya-sudan-ties-worsen-as-rsf-to-hold-round-two-of-meetings/ar-AA1CRFkl
  39. ^ "Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait reject parallel Sudan government plan". Sudan Tribune. 1 March 2025.
  40. ^ "Pakistan calls for immediate ceasefire in Sudan, urges dialogue for lasting peace". The Nation. 2025-02-27. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  41. ^ "Qatar affirms its firm position in supporting the unity and sovereignty of Sudan and rejecting any interference in its internal affairs". 18 February 2025.
  42. ^ https://x.com/KSAmofaEN/status/1895507736827150577
  43. ^ "UN condemns RSF's parallel government in Sudan as 'hellscape' emerges". RFI. 2025-02-27. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  44. ^ https://sudantribune.com/article298172/
  45. ^ "Respect for Sudan's sovereignty and territorial integrity is vital for a sustainable end to this war: UK statement at the UN Security Council". GOV.UK. 2025-02-26. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  46. ^ "African Union Rejects Parallel Government Establishment in Sudan - The Wall Africa Journal". 2025-03-12. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  47. ^ Kodjo, Tchioffo. "Press Statement of the 1264th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 11 March 2025, on the Situation in Sudan-African Union - Peace and Security Department". African Union,Peace and Security Department. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  48. ^ "Arab League warns against any steps leading to Sudan's division". Middle East Monitor. 2025-02-21. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  49. ^ Irakoze, Fiona (2025-03-04). "STATEMENT BY THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE ICGLR ON SUDAN". ICGLR - International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
  50. ^ https://x.com/AFP/status/1892272944337842467
  51. ^ "Sudan crisis could worsen if paramilitaries declare parallel government: UN". Arab News. 2025-02-20. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
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