Mathnawi
Mathnawi (/ˌmæθnəˈwiː/ MATH-nə-WEE),[a] also spelled masnavi,[b] mesnevi[c] or masnawi,[d] is a kind of poem written in rhyming couplets, or more specifically "a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines". Most mathnawi poems follow a meter of eleven, or occasionally ten, syllables, but had no limit in their length.[1] Typical mathnawi poems consist of an indefinite number of couplets, with the rhyme scheme aa/bb/cc.
Mathnawi poems have been written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish and Urdu cultures. Certain Persian mathnawi poems, such as Rumi's Masnavi-e Ma’navi, have had a special religious significance in Sufism. Other influential writings include the poems of Ghazali[clarification needed] and ibn Arabi.[2] Mathnawi's are closely tied to Islamic theology, philosophy, and legends, and cannot be understood properly without knowledge about it.[3]
Arabic mathnawi
[edit]Arabic mathnawi poetry, also known as muzdawij (Arabic: مزدوج – lit. 'doubled', referring to the internal rhyme scheme of the lines), was popularized during the Abbasid era. Unlike the older poetic styles in Arabic, mathnawi verses are not monorhymes. Instead, they include an internal rhyme scheme within each verse (or بيت bayt) with an extensive use of alliteration and follow a specific meter. Arabic mathnawi poetry is similar to the Persian, Urdu and Turkish equivalents, though with one major difference: most muzdawij poems follow an aaa/bbb/ccc pattern, while the other mathnawi poems follow an aa/bb/cc pattern.[4]
Persian masnavi
[edit]Persian masnavi poems strictly adhere to a meter of 11 syllables (occasionally ten). While the length of a masnavi is not prescribed and is therefore unlimited, most of the better known masnavi are within a range of 2,000–9,000 verses).[5] The first known masnavi poem was written during the Samanid period (4th–10th centuries). Despite certain dates indicating a possibility otherwise, modern scholars believe that it is a continuation of an Iranian verse form, not of its Arabic counterpart.[e][6]
Masnavi are usually associated with the didactic and romantic genres, but are not limited to them.[7] There is a great variety among Persian masnavi, but there are several conventions that can help a reader recognize a masnavi poem. Most masnavi have a distinction between the introductory and body paragraphs (although it is not always easy to determine where that is), praise of the one God and prayers, a eulogy of the Prophet, reflections on the value of poetry, and occasionally a description of an object as a significant symbol.[8]
Certain Persian masnavi have had a special religious significance in Sufism, such as Rumi's Masnavi-i Ma’nawi, which consists of 6 books/25,000 verses and which has been used in prayer among many Sufi's, such as the Whirling Dervishes.[9] While some Islamic legalists find the practice unconscionable, the Sufi scholar and jurist Abu Hamid al-Ghazali supported the use of poetry as worship.[10]
In the 21st century, Ahmad NikTalab has been one of the expert poets of Persian masnawi.[11]
Turkish mesnevi
[edit]Turkish mesnevi developed during the 8th to 14th centuries. Persian masnavi influenced Turkish authors as many Turkish mesnevi were, at first, creative translations and adaptations of Persian masnavi. The oldest known Turkish mesnevi is a didactic poem called Kutadgu Bilig.[12]
Turkish mesnevi are strongly driven by their plot, and are usually categorized into three genres: mutakarib (heroic), ramal (religio-didactic), and hazaj (romantic). Some mesnevi were written with an understanding that the audience would appreciate the importance of the subject of the poem, but some were also written purely for entertainment purposes.[12]
Mesnevi remained prominent in Turkish literature until the end of the Ottoman Empire, when it began to transform into more conversational and rhetorical literature. Few Turkish mesnevi have been translated into another modern language.[13]
Urdu masnawi
[edit]Urdu masnawi are usually divided into three categories: early, middle, and late.
Early Urdu masnawi began during the 11th to 17th centuries. In the beginning of this period, many masnawi were religious in nature, but then grew to include romantic, heroic, and even secular stories. Early Urdu masnawi were influenced by Dakkani literature, as well as Persian masnavi. Because of this influence, many early Urdu masnawi were translations of Persian masnavi, although there are some original early Urdu masnawis.[14]
Middle Urdu masnawi became prominent during the 12th to 18th centuries, when Urdu literature broke away from the Dakkani tradition. During the 12th to 18th centuries, romantic masnawi became very popular. Another new convention that appeared in middle Urdu masnawi was authors using their own personal experiences as a subject for their poem.[15]
Modern Urdu masnawi began during the 13th to 19th centuries, during a time of literary reform. Masnawi as a whole became much shorter, and the traditional meters stopped being observed. These masnawis deal more with everyday subjects, as well as providing a medium for children's poetry.[16] A well-known masnavi-writer in Urdu in recent times was Allama Dr. Syed Ali Imam Zaidi "Gauhar Lucknavi" (great-grandson of Mir Baber Ali Anees).
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Arabic: مثنوي mathnawiyy [maθnawijː]
- ^ Persian: مثنوی, pronounced [mæsnæˈviː]
- ^ Turkish pronunciation: [mesneˈʋi]
- ^ Urdu pronunciation: [məsnəˈʋiː]
- ^ There is some debate, as the word masnavi is derived from Arabic, but most scholars believe that the Persians coined the word themselves.
References
[edit]- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. (1984). Vereinigtes Königreich: University of California Press.
- ^ Swahili Islamic Poetry: Introduction : The celebration of Mohammed's birthday; Swahili Islamic cosmology. (1971). Niederlande: Brill.
- ^ Bencheneb, M. "Muzdawid̲j̲." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online. Augustana. 8 April 2010 http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-5695
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 2.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. pp.1.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 3.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. pp.5.
- ^ Friedlander, Ira. The Whirling Dervishes. New York: Macmillan, 1975. Print.
- ^ Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. "Concerning Music and Dancing As Aids to the Religious Life." Trans. Claud Field. The Alchemy of Happiness. Dodo, 1909. 27–32. Print.
- ^ "مجموعه اشعار زندهیاد احمد نیکطلب رونمایی میشود". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ a b Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 8.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Bruijn, Flemming & Rahman 2010, pp. 9-11-12.
Literature
[edit]- Bruijn, J.T.P. de; Flemming, B.; Rahman, Munibur (8 April 2010). "Mathnawī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Online.
