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Nimravides

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the extinct saber-toothed cat Nimravides. For the similarly named "false" saber-toothed cat, see Nimravus.

Nimravides
Temporal range: Late Miocene (Clarendonian to Hemphillian), 11–6.5 Ma
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N. catocopis skull, American Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: †Machairodontinae
Tribe: †Homotherini
Genus: †Nimravides
Kitts 1958
Type species
Nimravides thinobates
(Macdonald, 1948)
Other Species
  • N. catocopis (Cope, 1887)
  • N. pedionomus (MacDonald, 1948)
  • N. hibbardi (Dalquest, 1969)
  • N. galiani Baskin, 1981
Synonyms

N. catocopis

  • Machaerodus catacopsis Cope, 1887
  • Machairodus catacopsis
  • Nimravides catacopsis
  • Nimravides catocopsis (misspelling)
  • Machairodus lahayishupup Orcutt and Calede, 2021
  • Nimravides catocopis lahayishupup

N. thinobates

  • Pseudaelurus thinobates MacDonald, 1948

N. pedionomus

  • Pseudaelurus pedionomus

N. hibbardi

  • Pseudaelurus hibbardi

Nimravides is a genus of extinct saber-toothed cats that was endemic in North America during the Late Miocene, from 11 to 6.5 Ma.[1] Despite its scientific name, Nimravides does not belong to the Nimravidae, but is a true cat belonging to the family Felidae.[2]

Taxonomy

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The genus Nimravides was originally described by Kitt in 1958 for the species "Pseudaelurus" thinobates.[3] In 1969, Dalquest described the species Pseudaelurus hibbardi.[4] The species Machaerodus catocopis was described by Cope in 1887, based on a partial mandible from the Loup Fork Beds.[5] The species Pseudaelurus thinobates and Pseudaelurus pedionomus were both described by James Reid MacDonald in 1948.[6][7]

In 1975, Martin and Schultz reassigned Machairodus catacopsis to Nimravides and suggested that N. thinobates was a junior synonym of the former species.[8] The species N. galiani was first described in 1981 based on fragmentary material from the Love Bone Beds in Florida. The same paper also described additional fossils of N. thinobates compared to the holotype of N. catacopsis, and concluded that N. catacopsis was best considered a nomen vanum and the material assigned to it should be considered N. thinobates.[9]

"Pseudaelurus" pedionomus was reassigned to Nimravides in 1990 by Beaumont.[10] In 2003, Tom Rothwell reassigned Pseudaelurus hibbardi to Nimravides.[11] And in 2010 it was suggested that N. hibbardi was a junior synonym of Adelphailurus kansensis.[12] In 2013, Mauricio Anton et al. suggested that N. catacopsis should be re-reassigned back to Machairodus.[13] But this was refuted in 2022 by Jiangzuo et al. and in addition, reclassified M. lahayishupup to N. catocopis lahayishupup, considering it as a local subspecies due to its dental difference being a intraspecific variation based on the large sample.[1]

Description

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Skull cast of N. galiani, Florida Museum of Natural History

Nimravides galiani is estimated to weigh 120 kg (260 lb) on average, according to Meachen 2012.[14] Jiangzuo et al. 2022 suggested it didn’t overlap with N. catocopis in size. Compared to N. catocopis and M. aphantistus, it had a much smaller sexual dimorphism due to the smaller infraspecific variation in size.[1] Many postcranial features resembles that of jaguars.[15]

N. thinobates, in a 2012 study, was estimated to weigh 115 kg (254 lb) on average.[14] However, Jiangzuo et al. 2022 suggested it was actually similar in size to M. aphantistus, which averaged around 153 kg (337 lb).[1][16]

N. catocopis was the largest species, with adults measuring 100 cm (1.0 m) at the shoulder and was similar in size to a large tiger. It was also possessed of long, powerful legs and a long back.[17] Based on mandibular and dental sizes, this species was slightly larger than M. aphantistus on average. Hh2 populations of N. catocopis grew larger than Hh1 populations, this is supported by two large males, from the Ogallala group, had femurs that rivaled the femur length of the American lion.[1] The subspecies N. c. lahayishupup was also quite large. Based on 7 specimens, it is estimated that the subspecies averaged 274 kg (604 lb), based on the size range of 241–348 kg (531–767 lb). A humerus bone measuring 18 in (46 cm) attributed to the subspecies suggest that this cat was far larger than a modern lion, which has a 13 in (33 cm) humerus, and is considered to be the largest specimen. This specimen is estimated to have weighed 410 kg (900 lb), making this species among the largest felids to ever live.[18]

Paleobiology

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Predatory behavior

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Forelimb morphology suggests N. galiani was similar to that of extant felids, due to that it likely practiced strangulation method, relied heavily on its dew claw, and likely practiced pounce-pursuit. The authors suggest due to competition with other open plain carnivorans, it could’ve seek shelters among trees along forest boundaries or hide prey when under stress.[19]

N. catocopis may have preferred prey weighing 413-1,386.3 kg with maximum prey size being 1.6 tonnes, although it may not have been a large prey specialist.[20] It is estimated that N. catocopis has a jaw gape of 67.91 degrees, with an effective gape of 38 degrees. Considering that, the effective gape is most vital when it comes to prey capture, the authors argued considering the fact that most predators had a jaw gape between 45 and 65 degrees, likely suggests not all saber tooth predators were large prey specialist.[21] Including supplementary materials

Paleoecology

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N. galiani was found in the Love Bone Beds deposits (of Clarendonian Age), which had a mixture of grassland, riverine forest, and marshes, in which it would have shared territory with herbivorous animals like the amphibious rhinoceros Teleoceras, the protoceratid Synthetoceras, the camel Aepycamelus, horses like Neohipparion and Nannippus, and coexisting with barbourfelini Barbourofelis loveorum, along with borophaginae canids such as Epicyon and Borophagus, and the agriotheriini bear Agriotherium.[17] B. loveorum and N. galiani likely niche partitioned and competition would’ve been minimal due to different prey and habitat preferences. The robust forelimbs of Barbourofelis suggests it preferred forested environments, while Nimravides preferred more open habitats, such as open grasslands. The larger sizes of the Nimravides’ metacarpals, suggests it would’ve preyed upon larger prey compared to Barbourofelis.[19]

N. catocopis was found in Hemphillian rocks from Chalk Hills Formation, Rattlesnake Formation, McKay Formation, and Ogallala Formation.[22] Rattlesnake Formation was a floodplain environment where the Rattlesnake Ash Fall Tuff is present. It coexisted with herbivores such as the aceratheriinae rhino Teleoceras fossiger, “shovel tusker” amebelodontidae Amebelodon, extinct horse Pliohippus spectans, and extinct lamini Hemiauchenia vera. Other carnivorans present in the formation was the agriotheriini bear Indarctos oregonensis and extinct fox Vulpes stenognathus.[23][24] Some of these herbivores, such as Teleoceras and Hemiauchenia, may have been preyed upon by Nimravides.[25][26]

Due to its rarity and different habitat preferences, Amphimachairodus likely didn’t outcompete Nimravides; instead, faunal turnover during the Hemphillian stage was the likely cause of their extinction.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Jiangzuo, Qigao; Li, Shijie; Deng, Tao (2022). "Parallelism and lineage replacement of the late Miocene scimitar-toothed cats from the old and New World" (PDF). iScience. 25 (12): 105637. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j5637J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105637. PMC 9730133. PMID 36505925.
  2. ^ Larry D.Martin (1998). Felidae in Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Kitts, David B. (1958). "Nimravides, a New Genus of Felidae from the Pliocene of California, Texas and Oklahoma". Journal of Mammalogy. 39 (3): 368–375. doi:10.2307/1376145. JSTOR 1376145.
  4. ^ Dalquest, W. W. (1969). "Pliocene carnivores of the Coffee Ranch (type Hemphill) local fauna" (PDF). Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum. 15: 1–44.
  5. ^ Cope, Edward Drinker (1887). "A saber-tooth tiger from the Loup Fork Beds". The American Naturalist. 21 (11): 1019–1020.
  6. ^ MacDonald, James Reid (1948). "The Pliocene carnivores of the Black Hawk Ranch". University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences. 28: 53–80.
  7. ^ MacDonald, James Reid (1948). "A new species of Pseudaelurus from the lower Pliocene of Nebraska". University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences. 28: 45–52.
  8. ^ Martin, Larry D.; Schultz, C. Bertrand (1975). "Scimitar-toothed Cats, Machairodus and Nimravides, from the Pliocene of Kansas and Nebraska". Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum. 10.
  9. ^ Baskin, Jon A. (1981). "Barbourofelis (Nimravidae) and Nimravides (Felidae), with a Description of Two New Species from the Late Miocene of Florida". Journal of Mammalogy. 62 (1): 122–139. doi:10.2307/1380483. JSTOR 1380483.
  10. ^ Beaumont, G. (1990). "Contribution à l'étude du genre Nimravides Kitts (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). L'espèce N. pedionomus (Macdonald)" [Contribution to the study of the genus Nimravides Kitts (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae). The species N. pedionomus (Macdonald)]. Archives des Sciences, Genève (in French). 43 (1): 125–157. doi:10.5169/seals-740122.
  11. ^ Rothwell, Tom (2003). "Phylogentic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)". American Museum Novitates (3403): 1–64. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 67753626.
  12. ^ Hodnett, John-Paul (2010). "A Machairodont felid (Mammalia; Carnivora; Felidae) from the latest Hemphillian (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene) Bidahochi Formation, northeastern Arizona". Paleobios. 29 (3). doi:10.5070/P9293021800.
  13. ^ Antón, Mauricio; Salesa, Manuel J.; Siliceo, Gema (2013). "Machairodont Adaptations and Affinities of the Holarctic Late Miocene Homotherin Machairodus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae): The Case of Machairodus Catocopis Cope, 1887". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1202–1213. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1202A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.760468. JSTOR 42568635. S2CID 86067845.
  14. ^ a b Meachen, J. A. (2012). "Morphological convergence of the prey-killing arsenal of sabertooth predators". Paleobiology. 38 (1). doi:10.2307/41432156.
  15. ^ Baskin, Jon (December 2005). "Carnivora from the Late Miocene Love Bone Bed of Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 45 (4).
  16. ^ Domingo, Laura; Domingo, M. Soledad; Koch, Paul L.; Alberdi, M. Teresa (May 10, 2017). "Carnivoran resource and habitat use in the context of a Late Miocene faunal turnover episode". Palaeontology. 60 (4): 461–483.
  17. ^ a b Antón, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780253010421.
  18. ^ Orcutt, John D.; Calede, Jonathan J.M. (2021). "Quantitative Analyses of Feliform Humeri Reveal the Existence of a Very Large Cat in North America During the Miocene". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 28 (3): 729–751. doi:10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1. S2CID 235541255.
  19. ^ a b Ormsby, Christianne (May 2021). Morphology and Paleoecology of Nimravides galiani (Felidae) and Barbourofelis loveorum (Barbourofelidae) from the Late Miocene of Florida (MS (Master of Science) thesis).
  20. ^ Orcutt, John D.; Calede, Jonathan J.M. (2021). "Quantitative Analyses of Feliform Humeri Reveal the Existence of a Very Large Cat in North America During the Miocene". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 28 (3): 729–751. doi:10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1. S2CID 235541255.
  21. ^ Lautenschlager, Stephan; Figueirido, Borja; Cashmore, Daniel D.; Bendel, Eva-Maria; Stubbs, Thomas L. (2020). "Morphological convergence obscures functional diversity in sabre-toothed carnivores". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287 (1935): 1–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1818. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 7542828. PMID 32993469.
  22. ^ Orcutt, John D.; Calede, Jonathan J.M. (2021). "Quantitative Analyses of Feliform Humeri Reveal the Existence of a Very Large Cat in North America During the Miocene". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 28 (3): 729–751. doi:10.1007/s10914-021-09540-1. S2CID 235541255.
  23. ^ "Rattlesnake". National Park Service. U. S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  24. ^ Merriam, John C.; Stock, Chester; Moody, C. L. (1925). The Pliocene Rattlesnake Formation and fauna of eastern Oregon, with notes on the geology of the Rattlesnake and Mascall deposits (Report). pp. 43–92. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  25. ^ Marie Morales (May 5, 2021). "Sabre-Toothed Cat From 9 Million Years Ago Could Take Down Prey 10 Times Its Size". The Science Times. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  26. ^ David Nield (8 May 2021). "Newly Identified Species of Saber-Toothed Cat Was So Big It Hunted Rhinos in America". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
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