Jump to content

User:TwoScars/sandbox

Coordinates: 37°23′04″N 79°11′00″W / 37.3845°N 79.1832°W / 37.3845; -79.1832
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Lynchburg
Part of the American Civil War

Lynchburg, Virginia
DateJune 17, 1864 (1864-06-17) – June 18, 1864 (1864-06-18)
Location
Lynchburg, Virginia
Result Confederate victory
Belligerents
United States United States (Union) Confederate States of America CSA (Confederacy)
Commanders and leaders
David Hunter John C. Breckinridge
Jubal Early
Units involved
Dept. of West Virginia —See Note—
Breckinridge's Div.
II Corps, Army of N.VA
Strength
16,643 14,000
Casualties and losses
700 (estimated) 200 (estimated)(estimated)
Note: The remnants of an army commanded by William "Grumble" Jones, which suffered significant casualties (included the death of Jones) in the Battle of Piedmont on June 5, were the main defenders of Lynchburg until the June 15 arrival of a division commanded by Breckinridge and the next–day arrival of a corps commanded by Jubal Early.

The Battle of Lynchburg was fought on June 17–18, 1864, as part of the American Civil War. Over 30,000 soldiers participated in the battle, which included cavalry and infantry. The fighting took place outside of Lynchburg, Virginia. The Union Army of West Virginia, commanded by Major General David Hunter, attempted to capture the city but was repulsed by troops under the command of Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early. Following the battle, Confederate troops pursued the Union army as it retreated into West Virginia.

Lynchburg was important to the Confederate Army. It had three railroads, a canal, military hospitals, and was a distribution center for food and military supplies. Telecommunication lines strung along the railroads enabled Confederate military headquarters in Richmond to communicate with regional headquarters in western Virginia and Tennessee. For these reasons, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant wanted Hunter to attack the city and its railroads.

Hunter retreated west into West Virginia after his defeat at Lynchburg. This left the Shenandoah Valley open to the Confederate Army down to Maryland. Early moved down the valley and threatened Washington, DC, until his defeat in the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11-12. After this battle, which took place less than four miles (6.4 km) from the White House, Early began a retreat back to the Shenandoah Valley. On July 30, cavalry sent by Early, and commanded by John McCausland, moved into Pennsylvania and burned the city of Chambersburg.

Background

[edit]

Grant's plan

[edit]

During March 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became commander of all Union armed forces.[1] Grant's strategy in Virginia was to attack the strongest Confederate Army, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, from multiple fronts.[2] The Union's Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General George G. Meade, would target Lee's army directly. The Army of the James, commanded by Major General Benjamin Butler, would attack the Confederate capitol city of Richmond along the James River, which would threaten Lee's rear.[3]

In western Virginia, Grant targeted Lee's support system.[3] Western Virginia's Shenandoah Valley was an important provider of food for Lee's army, and minerals essential for the war effort were mined further west. Railroads were important for connecting these resources to the users of the resources, and they became targets for the Union Army. The railroads were also used to transport troops.[3] Major General Franz Sigel would lead the Army of the Shenandoah south in the Shenandoah Valley to capture Staunton, Virginia. The Virginia Central Railroad ran through Staunton and connected with Richmond.[4][Note 1] After some debate, it was decided that an army located in West Virginia, and led by Brigadier General George Crook, would attack the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. A major target was the large railroad bridge across the New River. A small portion of Crook's army led by Brigadier General William W. Averell would attack the same railroad further west, including some salt mines located on a branch line.[6][Note 2] Crook and Averell would join Siegel at Staunton after the missions were completed. Then the combined force would attack Lynchburg.[2]

Failure in western Virginia

[edit]

Crook split his army mostly between infantry and cavalry. Crook led the infantry force, and his targets were the railroad's Dublin Depot and a railroad bridge over the New River close to the railroad's Central Depot. Two cavalry brigades, led by Brigadier General William W. Averell, went on a mission further west where Averell will attack salt and lead mines along the railroad.[Note 3] Sigel began moving south from Martinsburg, West Virginia, on April 29.[9] Crook began moving from a base on West Virginia's Kanawha River on May 2.[10] Averell's force departed from Logan County, West Virginia, on May 5.[11]

On May 9, Crook won the Battle of Cloyd's Mountain.[12] He burned the New River railroad bridge near Central Depot on May 10.[13] Averell chose not to attack the well-guarded salt mines in Saltville, and moved toward the lead mines in Wythe County.[Note 4] On May 10, he was prevented from reaching the mines in the Battle of Cove Mountain. After a deception and escape from the mountain during the night, he was able to destroy some railroad track before linking with Crook.[15] Crook captured a telegram that falsely claimed Lee had defeated Meade in the Battle of the Wilderness.[16] Since Crook had not heard from Sigel, and a defeat of Meade would enable more Confederate troops to be sent toward Crook, he retreated toward a Union camp at Meadow Bluff, West Virginia. Averell returned to Meadow Bluff too, and both Crook and Averell were pursued by Confederate cavalry.[17] Sigel's army did not reach Staunton because it was defeated on May 15 in the Battle of New Market. Sigel retreated north of Cedar Creek close to Strasburg, Virginia and about 14 miles (23 km) south of Winchester, Virginia.[16] Crook and Averell reached the safety of a Union camp at Meadow Bluff, West Virginia on May 19.

Hunter takes command

[edit]

Major General David Hunter replaced Siegel on May X. He moved south in the Shenandoah Valley and defeated Confederate forces in the Battle of Piedmont on June 5.[16] On the next day he moved his army into Staunton. He spent the next few days destroying Confederate war materials.

In a letter dated June 6, Lieutenant General Grant wrote to Hunter saying that he should attack the "Lynchburg branch of the Virginia Central" Railroad at Lynchburg.[18][Note 5] He also urged Hunter to destroy the canal (James River and Kanawha Canal) near Lynchburg.[20]


On June 8, he was joined by Crook's Army of West Virginia, including the cavalry commanded by Averell.[21] The newcomers received badly needed supplies such as boots and uniforms.[22]

Lynchburg

[edit]

Opposing forces

[edit]

Union

[edit]
Further information: Union order of battle
Old picture of an older American Civil War general with dark hair and holding sword
David Hunter

Major General David Hunter was commander of the Department of West Virginia.[23][Note 6] Many Union regiments had been equipped with 7-shot Spencer repeating rifles (or carbines) by this time.[26]

  • 1st Infantry Division consisted of two brigades and was commanded by Brigadier General Jeremiah C. Sullivan. Brigade commanders were Colonel George D. Wells and Colonel Joseph Thoburn. Two Maryland regiments belonged to the division, but were unassigned to brigades.[27]
  • 2nd Infantry Division consisted of three brigades and was commanded by Brigadier General George Crook. Brigade commanders were Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, Colonel Carr B. White, and Colonel Jacob M. Campbell.[28] At least one historian considers Crook one of the Union's "most able generals".[29]
  • 1st Cavalry Division consisted of two brigades and was commanded by Brigadier General Alfred N. Duffié. Colonel Robert F. Taylor and Colonel John E. Wynkoop were the brigade commanders.[30]
  • 2nd Cavalry Division consisted of three brigades and was commanded by Brigadier General William W. Averell.[30] Brigade commanders were Colonel James M. Schoonmaker, Colonel John H. Oley, and Colonel William H. Powell.[30] Schoonmaker's 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment had been equipped with seven-shot carbines, Colt's navy revolvers, and sabers by December 1863.[31] The 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment, part of the 3rd Brigade commanded by Powell, received repeating carbines in the spring of 1863.[32]
  • Artillery was assigned to one of the infantry divisions and both cavalry divisions. Captain James R. McMullin led two batteries that march with the 2nd Infantry Division.[28] One section of a battery rode with the 1st Cavalry Division. Four batteries rode with the 2nd Cavalry Division, and their commander was Captain Henry A. du Pont.[30]

Confederate

[edit]
Old picture of an American Civil War general with beard and receding hairline
Jubal Early





During the Civil War, Lynchburg was used as a supply and hospital center. It was also a connection in the railroad that supplied the Confederate States Army. It was for this reason that Hunter determined to capture it. In accordance with a plan formulated by Brig. Gen. William W. Averell, the infantry divisions of Brigadier Generals George Crook and Jeremiah C. Sullivan proceeded south from Staunton on June 10 alongside Averell's cavalry division.

However, Hunter had two major problems. He was supposed to receive help from Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan; who never showed up because he had suffered a major setback at the Battle of Trevilian Station and was forced to retreat to an area around Richmond and Petersburg. The other, and perhaps more important, issue was that Hunter's supply lines were being harassed by the 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry, under Lt. Col. John S. Mosby. Between May 20 and June 17, only one supply wagon had reached Hunter.

At Lexington on June 11, Hunter fought with Confederate cavalry under Brig. Gen. John McCausland, who withdrew to Buchanan. Hunter ordered Col. Alfred N. Duffié to join him in Lexington with his cavalry division. While waiting, Hunter burned the Virginia Military Institute and the home of John Letcher, former Governor of Virginia. After being joined by Duffié on June 13, Hunter sent Averell to drive McCausland out of Buchanan and capture the bridge there across the James River, but McCausland burned the bridge and fled the town. Hunter joined Averell in Buchanan the following day before advancing via the road between the Peaks of Otter on June 15. His cavalry occupied Liberty that evening.

Meanwhile, Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge sent Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden and his cavalry to join McCausland. Breckinridge arrived in Lynchburg the next day. Maj. Gen. Daniel Harvey Hill and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays constructed a defensive line in the hills just southwest of the city. That afternoon, McCausland fell back to New London and skirmished with Averell's cavalry, which pursued him. The Union forces launched another attack on McCausland and Imboden that evening. The Confederates retreated from New London.

Battle

[edit]

Early arrived in Lynchburg at one o'clock on June 17, having been sent by General Robert E. Lee. Three hours later, Averell encountered McCausland's and Imboden's dismounted cavalry entrenched at the Quaker Meeting House, four miles from the city.[33] The Confederates were driven back after Col. Carr B. White's brigade moved in to support Averell. Two brigades of Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur's division occupied the area around a redoubt two miles from the city and hindered the Union advance.

Hunter made Sandusky his headquarters and planned the attack on Early's defenses. That night, trains could be heard moving up and down the tracks. Also, various instruments such as bugles and drums were heard by Hunter's troops which gave the impression that large numbers of Confederate reinforcements were arriving in Lynchburg. . On June 18, Major Generals Arnold Elzey and Robert Ransom, Jr. arrived from the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Elzey assumed command of Breckinridge's infantry and dismounted cavalry while Ransom superseded Imboden as commander of the mounted cavalry. Early elected to remain defensive and wait for the rest of the Second Corps to arrive. The redoubt now known as Fort Early was at the center of the Confederate line, with Maj. Gen. John Brown Gordon's division on the left and Brig. Gen. William G. Lewis's brigade on the right. McCausland commanded the right flank, which included a redoubt, and Elzey's command defended the area between it and Lewis' brigade. Col. Scott Shipp's VMI cadets were placed in reserve at Spring Hill Cemetery while the inner defenses were occupied by the Confederate Home Guard.

Hunter, still not convinced that Lee had sent reinforcements to Lynchburg, deployed Sullivan's and Crook's divisions in front of the Confederate center, with Averell in reserve, and sent an order to Duffié to attack the Confederate right. Reconnoitering the line in an effort to find a weak spot to push his infantry through, Hunter ruled out a direct attack on the redoubts, for they appeared too strong. He allowed Lt. Col. Henry A. du Pont to deploy his thirty-two cannons. Crook was sent to flank the Confederate left, but marched a few miles before finding it impracticable. The Confederates attacked Sullivan and du Pont, who managed to hold them at bay until Crook returned. The Confederates fell back after a half-hour of fighting, but spent the next hour and twenty minutes attempting to break through the gap between Sullivan and Duffié before withdrawing to their earthworks. A regiment of Col. Rutherford B. Hayes' brigade pursued them but were beaten back.

Meanwhile, McCausland succeeded in holding off Duffié's assaults. As ammunition ran short, both Hunter and Duffié became convinced that they were outnumbered. Early then prepared to begin an attack of his own, but Hunter retreated at nightfall.

Stuff1

[edit]
old map with troop positions at city with troops on west side of town and river on east
Patton's Brigade was part of the Lynchburg defense

On June 5, Union Major General Hunter defeated Confederate forces led by Brigadier General William E. "Grumble" Jones in the Battle of Piedmont.[34] When news of the defeat reached Confederate General Robert E. Lee, he decided to send Breckinridge, and his division, back to the Shenandoah Valley.[35] Echols' (including Derrick's Battalion) and Wharton's brigades began moving on June 7, beginning by boarding rail cars in Richmond.[36] Five days later, Lee decided to send Lieutenant General Jubal Early's entire 2nd Corps to the Shenandoah to join Breckenridge.[37] Anticipating an attack on Lynchburg, Breckinridge arrived there ahead of his troops on June 15.[38] Arriving later at the Charlottesville rail station, Early received a message that Lynchburg was the probable point of attack for Hunter. Early used a limited supply of railcars to began sending his troops to Lynchburg.[39] He arrived there with a small portion of his troops on June 17.[40]

Breckinridge's original June 17 defensive fortifications were near College Hill on the western edge of the city, and they were designed to protect the city from incursions via the Salem Turnpike (from the southwest) and Forrest Road (from the west).[41] Echols' Brigade (including Derrick's Battalion) was commanded by Patton, and it was placed on the west side of the city just north of the Salem Turnpike.[42] After an inspection, Early moved all troops further west to protect the city from bombardment. He moved the division commanded by Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur to a fortification nearly two miles (3.2 km) southwest of the city with two pieces of artillery.[41] Patton's men were repositioned adjacent to, and north of, Ramseur's Division.[42] With additional artillery and troops added to Ramseur's force, the Union attack was repulsed. Further north near Forest Road, another Union advance was stopped. The Battle of Lynchburg became an artillery duel by nightfall.[41]

Early resorted to some trickery during the evening of June 17 and early morning of June 18. He countermarched one regiment all night near the train station, and ran a yard locomotive back and forth on the rails. Although more Confederate troops were moving toward Lynchburg, the locomotive illusion gave the Union soldiers the impression that more Confederate troops were arriving immediately.[43] After sunrise, skirmishing began again near Forest Road and the Salem Turnpike. Around 1:00 pm, Early's men began attacking, and they pushed back the Union soldiers until they were surprised by a brigade hidden behind a hill.[44] Although Early's men were driven back to their original fortifications, Hunter was now convinced he was facing a large Confederate army. That evening Hunter's army began a retreat west.[45]

Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign

[edit]

On June 2, 1864, the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry (plus additional cavalry and infantry regiments) marched from Charleston towards White Sulphur Springs in eastern West Virginia. The men were poorly equipped, and over one third of the cavalry did not have horses. Their immediate destination was Stanton, Virginia. On June 7, they met two groups of infantry, and one division of cavalry, under the commands of Generals David Hunter and George Crook. Fresh supplies were issued at that time.[22]

Old map with arrows showing route of Union army
Hunter's Raid on Lynchburg

The cavalry was reorganized on June 9, with General Duffié in command of the 1st Cavalry Division, and General Averell in command of the 2nd. The 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Cavalry Division was commanded by Colonel Powell, and it consisted of the 1st and 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiments. The infantry was led by General Crook. General David Hunter was the commander of the entire cavalry and infantry force.[22]

Lexington

[edit]

On June 10, Averell and Crook moved towards Lexington, Virginia, in the first part of an effort to capture Lynchburg. This series of raids and battles, the Lynchburg Campaign, is also known as "Hunter's Raid". The force arrived in Lexington on June 11.[22] Lexington, Virginia, is the home of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), which produced numerous officers for the Confederate Army—including General Stonewall Jackson and General John McCausland. Lexington was occupied for several days, and General Hunter ordered VMI burned.[46] General Duffié's 1st Cavalry Division, which had taken a different route toward Lynchburg, rejoined Crook and Averell in Lexington. On June 14, Powell's brigade was sent forward to Liberty (today, Liberty is named Bedford), and drove away Confederate cavalry. During this time, Confederate reinforcements were arriving at Lynchburg.[47]

Lynchburg

[edit]

On June 16, the entire Union force left Liberty and approached Lynchburg from the southwest. Confederate soldiers under the command of General Jubal Early arrived in Lynchburg by train on June 17. The Battle of Lynchburg was fought on June 17 and 18. Approximately 44,000 soldiers participated in this Confederate victory.[48] The Union force could not capture Lynchburg, and was forced to retreat as supplies dwindled. Powell's brigade briefly became cut off from the rest of the army when he was not immediately notified of the retreat. His cavalry reached Union lines near New London as the Confederate army was close to catching them.[49]

Retreat

[edit]

A northern route of retreat had too many obstacles, so Hunter's force retreated westward toward Charleston—with the Confederate army in pursuit. On June 19, the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry was the rear guard. The regiment often had to fight dismounted. Averell's entire division fought for two hours near Liberty. His cavalry division fought until its ammunition was exhausted, and then was relieved by Crook's infantry. Averell lost 122 men.[49]

More skirmishes were fought at Bonsack and Mountain Cove, Virginia. The retreat route took the army through the communities of Salem, New Castle, and White Sulphur Springs. The army reached Charleston on July 1. Total losses were 940. For the 2nd West Virginia, the loss was 13 killed (4 near Salem, Virginia), 33 wounded, and 21 missing.[50]

Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Lynchburg

On June 9, an army commanded by General David Hunter was reorganized, and Powell was assigned command of the 3rd Brigade under Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division of the Army of West Virginia. This brigade consisted of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry and the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry.[Note 7] On June 10, Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign was organized, and troops departed from Stanton, Virginia, toward Lynchburg. Powell's brigade often took the advance for the main portion of Hunter's force, moving south to Lexington, then southeast toward Lynchburg.[51] Powell's cavalry approached Lynchburg from Campbell Courthouse, and pushed cavalries led by General John McCausland and General John D. Imboden to within four miles of Lynchburg during the morning of June 17.[54] Fighting continued periodically all day, and stopped at dusk. During this time, additional rebel troops were arriving in Lynchburg via the railroad.[55] Powell's brigade was sent out during the evening, and got close enough to the city that "the church spires of the city could be plainly seen."[56] Later during that morning, Powell was surprised to find out that the Union army (which had an ammunition shortage) was in full retreat, leaving his brigade in a dangerous situation. The brigade caught up with the rest of the retreating army near New London—just when the pursuing Confederates caught up with them. Averell's entire division, including Powell's brigade, became the rear guard as Hunter's army retreated west toward Charleston.[56]

Aftermath

[edit]
Memorial to the fallen at South River Friends Meetinghouse

Early's army moved sixty miles in three days. At that point, Early called off the pursuit and waited for Hunter to make a move. Hunter decided to move across the Shenandoah Valley and into West Virginia. Hunter's retreat made it possible for Early to move up the Shenandoah Valley freely. Early's army advanced up through Maryland, defeated a Union force at the Battle of Monocacy, and reached the outskirts of Washington, D.C. before being halted at the Battle of Fort Stevens.

Notes

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Virginia Central Railroad was 200 miles (320 km) long and connected Richmond, Virginia, with the upper Shenandoah Valley. The railroad was used to move troops, and it was also used to move agricultural products and raw materials from the Shenandoah Valley to Richmond.[5]
  2. ^ The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad ran from Lynchburg, Virginia, to Bristol, Tennessee. At Bristol, it connected to the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad that ran west to Knoxville, Tennessee. At Lynchburg, it connected to the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and the SouthSide Railroad, and both railroads could be used to get to Richmond or Petersburg.[4]
  3. ^ The salt mine located on a branch line of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad produced an estimated two thirds of the salt used by the Confederacy in 1864, and salt was used (at the time) for preserving meat in addition to being an essential part of the diet for humans and livestock.[7] The lead mines in Wythe County provided material for ammunition and eventually contributed over one-third of the lead consumed by the Confederate Army.[8]
  4. ^ Averell, with a force of less than 3,000 soldiers, learned that John Hunt Morgan and William "Grumble" Jones were waiting for him at Saltville with 4,500 fighters.[14]
  5. ^ The Orange and Alexandria Railroad runs northeast from Lynchburg and connects with the Virginia Central Railroad at Charlottesville.[19]
  6. ^ Hunter used the name Department of West Virginia in a June 8 report.[23] Edwin Stanton used the term Army of the Shenandoah in a June 14 communication.[24] Rutherford B. Hays used the term Army of the Kanawha in a July 4 report.[25]
  7. ^ Sutton says Powell's brigade consisted of the 1st and 2nd West Virginia cavalries, and the 3rd West Virginia Cavalry was assigned to a division under the command of Crook.[51] This source has been used herein because Sutton participated in the battle. Lang says that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia cavalries were part of Powell's brigade.[52] A third source also lists the three West Virginia regiments as being under the command of Powell.[53]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". American Battlefield Trust – Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Patchan 2007, p. 5
  3. ^ a b c Duncan 1998, p. 9
  4. ^ a b Whisonant 2015, p. 155
  5. ^ Whisonant 2015, pp. 156–157
  6. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 29
  7. ^ Whisonant 1997, p. 30
  8. ^ Whisonant 1997, pp. 29–30
  9. ^ "New Market". American Battlefield Trust. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
  10. ^ Crook 1891, pp. 9–10
  11. ^ Averell 1891, p. 41
  12. ^ Whisonant 1997, pp. 33–34
  13. ^ Duncan 1998, pp. 67–68
  14. ^ Starr 2007, pp. 217–218
  15. ^
  16. ^ a b c Patchan 2007, p. 6
  17. ^ Duncan 1998, pp. 70–72
  18. ^ Sheridan 1888, pp. 415–416
  19. ^
  20. ^ Sheridan 1888, p. 416
  21. ^ "Raids on Staunton, Lexington, & Virginia Military Institute". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
  22. ^ a b c d Sutton 2001, pp. 125–126
  23. ^ a b Hunter 1902, p. 94
  24. ^ Stanton 1902, p. 103
  25. ^ Hayes 1902, p. 122
  26. ^ Walker 1989, p. 1
  27. ^ Not Listed 1902, pp. 103–104
  28. ^ a b Not Listed 1902, p. 104
  29. ^ Walker 1989, p. 9
  30. ^ a b c d Not Listed 1902, p. 105
  31. ^ Slease & Gancas 1999, p. 114
  32. ^ Lang 1895, p. 164
  33. ^ Harvey, Keith (18 June 2024). "160th Anniversary of the Battle of Lynchburg". Lynchburg Museum. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  34. ^ "Battle of Piedmont, June 5, 1864". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
  35. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 249
  36. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 250
  37. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 256
  38. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 252
  39. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 265
  40. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 270
  41. ^ a b c Duncan 1998, pp. 271–272
  42. ^ a b Jedediah Hotchkiss (1864). Report of the Camps, Marches & Engagements, of the Second Corps, A.N.V., and of the Army of the Valley Dist. of the Department of Northern VA., During the Campaign of 1864: [Virginia] No. 9-9a (image 14) (Map). Virginia: Library of Congress. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
  43. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 273
  44. ^ Duncan 1998, p. 281
  45. ^ Duncan 1998, pp. 283–285
  46. ^ "General David Hunter & the Burning of VMI, June 1864". Virginia Military Institute. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
  47. ^ Sutton 2001, p. 127
  48. ^ "CWSAC Battle Summary: Lynchburg". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  49. ^ a b Sutton 2001, p. 130
  50. ^ Sutton 2001, p. 135
  51. ^ a b Sutton 2001, p. 126
  52. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lang189 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  53. ^ Unlisted (The Cambrian) 1882, p. 116
  54. ^ Lang 1895, p. 190
  55. ^ "Battle Summary: Lynchburg, VA". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  56. ^ a b Sutton 2001, p. 134

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/lynchburg https://www.lynchburgmuseum.org/blog/2024/6/17/160th-anniversary-of-the-battle-of-lynchburg-june-17-18-1864

[edit]


37°23′04″N 79°11′00″W / 37.3845°N 79.1832°W / 37.3845; -79.1832


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:TwoScars/sandbox&oldid=1282787128"