The best answers address the question directly, and back up facts with wikilinks and links to sources. Do not edit others' comments and do not give any medical or legal advice.
Drammen, Norway, suffered a large fire in July 1866, which is said to have destroyed the city. 14 years later, Hawaii sugar companies began advertising for workers, and 629 Norwegians from Drammen signed up as contract laborers and made the trip to Hawaii. My question is this: did the 1866 fire lead to poorer socio-economic conditions which precipitated out-migration in a general sense, or were these people already poor and in need of work before the fire? Asking, because the literature on this subject doesn't seem to mention the fire. Viriditas (talk) 00:54, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Note: I did find this: "In 1881 Norway was suffering from an industrial depression with high unemployment and much poverty. Thousands were leaving for other lands. This occurred at a time when there was actually a local demand for more farm laborers."[1] Still nothing about the fire or its historical impact on the depression. Viriditas (talk) 01:43, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
What I understand from our article and that on the Bokmål Wikipedia, the reconstruction of Bragernes was immediately tackled with vigour and must have been completed by 1880. Large-scale public works tend to stimulate the economy. The industrial depression was nationwide and must also have affected Drammen, even though its economic activity was mainly mercantile. I see no basis for connecting the 1866 disaster to the 1881 depression. Even if a proletarian was not poor one day in the late 19th-century Western world, being out of work would make them destitute in short time, so I think that the mere absence of job opportunities was, just by itself, a strong driver for migration. I don't know why the people from Drammen responded to a call for agricultural labour in Hawai'i while there was demand for farm labour at home. Perhaps the conditions were better, or they were adventurous lads, or both. ‑‑Lambiam09:21, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Yes, this seems to be the unanswered question. I have obtained some obscure, hard to find sources, so I will be exploring this over the next few weeks. Viriditas (talk) 10:37, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Update: It turns out most of them were not adventurous (this was reported by Ralph S. Kuykendall in 1967). It looks like they used the trip as a stepping stone to migrate to the mainland US, although this is purely conjecture at this point. The more interesting thing is the comparison between the Norwegian and German migrants, who had mostly completely different experiences upon arriving in Hawaii. The Germans created new, possibly insular communities, and seemed to thrive, even becoming upwardly mobile. Of the more than 600 Norwegians, almost all (except 50 or so) left Hawaii after a short time and made their way to California and elsewhere. (Pacific Northwest?) Viriditas (talk) 02:22, 18 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Ok, I see now that the fire had nothing to do with it, as Norway was undergoing economic problems for most of the 19th century, leading to 800,000 people leaving the country (by 1925). Viriditas (talk) 03:44, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
What was the situation in Andorra before the Schengen area was created? I assume it didn't have open borders with both France and Spain, as that would have created holes in those countries' borders. Rojomoke (talk) 13:51, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Andorra levies no Customs dues, she possesses neither gendarmes, frontier guards, nor douane of any sort, and all are free to enter as they please; though an exit, especially on the Spanish side, is less easily accomplished, since as a half-way house and storage for smugglers it is obvious that Andorra is admirably situated, and the neighbouring powers take their precautions accordingly against the abuse of a trade which is 'free' in every sense of the word.[2]
At the time, passports were not required for crossing a border within Western Europe. After World War I, when they were required, I think they were just as required for entering Andorra as for France and Spain. In the peace time after WWII this became increasingly little more than a formality,. On the eve of the Schengen Agreement you'd probably just have been waved through. ‑‑Lambiam15:42, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
On the eve of the Schengen agreement, border controls in western Europe were indeed pretty lax. People were often just waved through or no police was present at all. It was like that on the Dutch–German and Dutch–Belgian border before 1992 and for the ferry Germany–Norway in 1995. On holiday in 2003, I crossed the Swiss border about a dozen times by train and my passport was checked just once, even less than the passport check rate on trains across the Dutch–German border after Schengen. The only borders were passport checks appeared systematic were the airports and the ferries and trains to the UK.
However, I've read stories about people who visited Europe on a single-entry Schengen visa, went to Andorra (getting stamped out) and had great difficulty leaving Andorra again. The only way to leave Andorra without entering Schengen is by taking a direct helicopter flight to an international airport in France or Spain, then transfer to a flight outside Schengen. I think the rule is now that you're not allowed to enter Andorra if you don't have the documentation to return to Schengen later.
Portrait of conductor K.B. SchubertKarl Schuberth (1811-1863)
Hello,
I'm faced with a critical issue : an uploader, identified as 'Arpieyn I, uploaded a drawing from Vasily Samoylov which he states is a portrait of the conductor K.B. Schubert(h). I compared this picture with a number of illustrations I have of the conductor K.B. Schubert(h) and none of these are comparable to the uploaded picture. I may send links to these true pictures if you would like. I think that the uploaded picture could be a self-portrait of the actor and artist Samoylov which he gave to K.B. Schuberth at the Alexandrinsky Theatre where both artists met. It looks like he added an autograph that is uncomplete on the picture. The source of the picture is mentioned as https://goskatalog.ru/portal/#/collections?id=40079763 but the access is denied ... The problem is that all Wikipedia's articles (and other) on K.B. Schubert(h) in many languages show the uploaded picture which in my opinion is not a picture of the conductor, unless the uploader can duly justify the source of this portrait.
Can you help me with this critical issue? Thanks for your valued help ! Music Mich 2A02:A03F:647E:7600:5559:E98D:52F2:DB5E (talk) 14:40, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Vasily SamoylovFor comparison, here is an image of Vasily Samoylov. . Not being familiar with Russian handwriting, I can't make out the final letters in Шуберт**. Is it Шубертах? That is a plural form, used after a preposition, for example на Шубертах. Would Schuberth have written his autograph in Cyrillic and in Russian on something gifted to him? If this was given by Samoylov, rather than an autograph, I'd think the inscription would be a presentation description (partially hidden under the frame), something like, "In gratitude to the Schuberths" or whatever. The written text on the frame, below the drawing at the right side, inasmuch as I can make it out, does say something like "V. Samol...". Who can decipher the writing at the left side? ‑‑Lambiam16:57, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I've concluded that the picture from Dresden City Museum is more authoritative, so I uploaded that one on Commons, added it to Wikidata and changed German and Swedish WP. Anyone who think it's a good idea can change more WP:s, though perhaps some take after Wikidata automagically. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 17:57, 17 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The article Kajaani Castle now contains a mentioned that Isak Rasmusson returned to Sweden. This is is a direct translation from the Swedish article sv:Kajaneborg where it says "Rasmusson [...] reste tillbaka till Sverige".
Now the thing is, at the time the Kajaani Castle was in Sweden. At the time, the area of present-day Finland was an integral part of Sweden, not even an autonomous region. An administrative unit named "Finland" did not exist. "Finland" was only a cultural and linguistic area.
I don't see that a problem exists. He returned to Sweden. There's no need to explain that it isn't part of Sweden now, any more than it's necessary to say that Christopher Columbus explored the coasts of various then non-existent Central and South American countries. Clarityfiend (talk) 10:23, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I think you've got it a bit backwards. What he returned to has always been Sweden. It's what he returned from was Sweden at the time but Finland now. JIP | Talk11:29, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
In the absence of information as to exactly which city, town, county, region, province or land he returned to, and since Finland was then the easternmost part of Sweden (called Österland), would it be appropriate to say "western Sweden"?
Alternatively, since Finland is not part of the Scandinavian peninsula, would "Scandinavian Sweden" be acceptable? {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.194.109.80 (talk) 19:32, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The stories in the plays by the Big 3: Aeschylus, Soohocles, and Euripides, about the killing of Clytemnestra by Orestes and Electra all leave something basic out, in my opinion. Clytemnestra and Agamemnon's daughter, and Orestes and Electra's sister, Iphigenia, was sacrificed by Agamemnon. Wouldn't a normal son or daughter have viewed that as a partial justification for Clytemnestras killing of Agamnemnon in a society without police? But I'm not asking this for your reaction to my opinion, I'm asking if any Classical Greek critics, Medieval critics, or recent critics have pointed to the obvious lack of motivation for revenge, given Agamemnon's perfidy. Also, Artemis pushed Agamemenon into the killing of Iphigenia(no excuse) and her twin brother Apollo pushes Orestes and Electra into revenge against Clytemnestra. Surely some critics have pointed out all the trouble those twin deities (demons?) have caused?Rich (talk) 03:19, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Furter to a question on the Language RefDesk, our Portland disambiguation page lists a place called Portland, Somerset, which is linked to List of United Kingdom locations: Po-Poz. The location given there is 51° 7′ 12″ N, 2° 45′ 0″ W, which locates to the town of Street, Somerset. Is this some sort of coordinate error and is there really a place called Portland somewhere in the county of Somerset? Alansplodge (talk) 11:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Portland is the nickname of that area of Street (around Portland Road north of Stone Hill). I don't think it's an official suburb/area name. Nanonic (talk) 12:02, 21 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The geolinks in List of United Kingdom locations: Po-Poz lead to a location on Google Maps some 500 metres (550 yd) south-southwest of that indicated on explore.osmaps.com and streetmap.co.uk, across the A39 (Quarry Batch – Westway), in the middle of what looks like a green undeveloped field. ‑‑Lambiam08:53, 22 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
By what method is the *Official* translation of a new Pope's regnal name made public?
For Franciscus, the jump to Francis (en)/Franscisco (es)/Francesco (it) ... was quite trivial due to it being a Saint's name, but were some future pope to choose an adjectival name:
Announcement:"...qui sibi nomen imposuit Humilis"
CNN: "Cardinal X named as Pope Humble"
BBC: "Cardinal Y becomes Pope Common"
AP: "Cardinal Z becomes Pope Lowly!"
I might have to eat my words in a few weeks, but I'd imagine that the probability is negligible of the new Pope choosing a name that is neither the name of a previous Pope nor the name of a well-known Saint, and in either case there will already be a standard version in each language. (By the way, there is a Saint Humilis; he appears to be known either by that name (including in English) or by a translated variant (e.g, Umile in Italian).) Proteus(Talk)10:51, 22 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The Holy See is/has a de factogovernment that has been a player in international politics for more than a thousand years. Pretty sure its diplomatic arm has this sort of thing routinely covered, and probably issues preferred translations amongst other details of the new incumbent in all relevant languages via its embassies to governments and news organisations, as well as disseminating them via its clerical heirarchy to its own adherents. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.194.109.80 (talk) 10:56, 22 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The vast majority of previously used names are extremely unlikely now, I suspect: I doubt we'll be celebrating the election of Pope Hyginus II or Pope Adeodatus III any time soon. Pope Peter II can also be ruled out due to tradition. Other than the novelty of Francis, you have to go back more than 100 years to find a Pope not called John, Paul, Benedict or Pius (or some combination of those, in the case of the two John Pauls). Proteus(Talk)11:17, 22 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
It brings new meaning to what I've always thought was a ridiculous and self-defeating expression: "I'm humbled by this award/prize/recognition". The essence of humility means that the absolutely last thing you ever do is tell the world how humble you are. But now we're contemplating the prospect of a Pope Humble. It can only mean the imminent end of the world. -- Jack of Oz[pleasantries]19:07, 23 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
"Humble" would arguably be no more odd (in terms of its innate meaning) than Benedict (blessed), Clement (merciful), Pius or Innocent (both self-explanatory), amongst others. Presumably such names are intended to indicate a quality which the Pope in question hopes to live up to and inspire, rather than to boast of an already-established character trait. Of course, the principal reason is often instead an intention to hark back to or honour previous holders and/or Saints of the same name (e.g. from our article on Pope Benedict XVI: "Benedict XVI chose his papal name, which comes from the Latin word meaning "the blessed", in honour of both Benedict XV and Benedict of Nursia"); I have no idea if Saint Humilis would be considered worthy of such commemoration. Proteus(Talk)10:09, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
FWIW, Google's AI Overview states (without any source and unaccompanied by any actual hits), that this was John Morley, The Pall Mall Gazette's editor from 1880 to 1883 and a prolific writer on politics and political history. However, without corroboration this AI assertion is useless – to a previous, differently worded query it baldly stated that M.H.G.D. was Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley!
The only note of plausibility in the suggestion is that Morley had been elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne at a by-election in February 1883 (hence his resigning the editorial post) and may not have wished the article to appear under his own name. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.194.109.80 (talk) 19:46, 23 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
That newspaper turns up in Newspapers.com, a pay site. That mysterious signature appears on page 11, under an article about feeding the poor: "A meal for a farthing. A social salvation experiment in the east end." No immediate indication of who or what that MHGD represents. There's an article on an earlier page signed by X.Y.Z. ←Baseball BugsWhat's up, Doc?carrots→ 20:25, 23 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The article in question has been in plain sight above as an oversize thumbnail since 21:33, 23 April 2025 (UTC), so there is no need to go to a physical library. It reads like an infomercial for the (just so named) Salvation Army. The editor at the time of the Pall Mall Gazette, W. T. Stead, was an activist supporter of the Salvation Army.[9] He can have commissioned one of his journalists to write the piece, if he did not pen it himself. His predecessor Morley expressed, as MP, admiration of William Booth as a person[10] but not directly of the Salvation Army. ‑‑Lambiam18:38, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I think what was being suggested was using a physical library to look it up in The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824-1900, to see if that gives the author. DuncanHill (talk) 18:50, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I thought it was worth a bit of effort and managed to get a peak at vol 5 of Wellesley. Sadly no D., M. H. G. Is listed. I do have the 7 vol Dictionary of anonymous and pseudonymous English literature to unwrap, but I doubt it will help. All the best: RichFarmbrough23:17, 27 April 2025 (UTC).[reply]
Reading Jakarta and Jakarta metropolitan area, I'm slightly uncertain about the status of the city. The metropolitan area article notes that the city's share of the metropolitan area's population has declined significantly since 1990. Is that primarily because nearby areas of adjacent provinces have grown much faster, or has the city also become less populous and/or shrunk in area? Also, since it's a "Special Capital Region" with "a status equivalent to that of a province", I'm guessing that its boundaries can't change without some action of the central government, comparable to Washington DC or Canberra. Is that true, or have I misunderstood things? I don't understand that much about Indonesian government. Nyttend (talk) 20:35, 23 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
What, after all, is a city? Is it a human settlement, as our article claims, or is it lines on a map? Anyway, the population of Jakarta certainly hasn't shrunk, so it's your first theory: the spreading urbanisation beyond its formal borders. It's crowded, there's a reason the government is trying to escape it. CMD (talk) 17:25, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
Is it considered bias, to change the word "Mormon" to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, because the LDS church does not use the term "Mormon" anymore.
The only evidence for Mormon (prophet) having existed is Words of Mormon in the Book of Mormon a religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement, published in 1830 by the movement's founder Joseph Smith who analysed the name thus: Mormon-->more + mon (Egyptian)-->more + good. A Wikipedia style guide allows appropriate use of the word Mormon to refer to Latter Day Saint movement adherents. Wikipedia's neutral policy can report shared beliefs (Creed) of religious communities including branches of the LDS when identified as such, but prohibits claiming a particular or disputed doctrine, such as prophet Mormon existed, as a verified fact. Philvoids (talk) 23:15, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
@Baseball Bugs 2000 years ago, around the time Christ was crucified, there was a volcano that erupted in the Yucatán Peninsula called the El Chichón volcano. In the book of Mormon, when Christ was crucified, the Nephites were stuck for 3 days in darkness. It was so dark that not even candles could be lit. (most likely because the ash from El Chichón.) Paul Mcartny (talk) 13:23, 26 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Not that I don't appreciate your dedication, but what you are doing is akin to a "defence in depth" of your conviction. Whenever one of your dominoes of evidence falls, you are not reconsidering your position, but retreat to the next domino. Is there any observable potential evidence that would shake your believe in the literal existence of the prophet Mormon? If not, you are welcome to your religious beliefs, but arguing the position with people with a naturalistic perspective is likely to be be unproductive. --Stephan Schulz (talk) 09:34, 27 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Helpful mormon friends assure me that facts can be verified by applying "Moroni's Promise" expressed in Book of Moroni: "..ask God in prayer, in the name of Jesus Christ, if the things are true. And if they ask with a sincere heart, the truth of them will be made manifest through the power of the Holy Spirit." Philvoids (talk) 11:46, 27 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
According to our article Fields of Fire (song), one of the contemporary reviews mentioned ""a nod to the homeland discernable in the repetition of a familiar Scottish folk theme in the guitar instrumental segments". What was that familiar Scottish folk theme? Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 17:13, 24 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I'm familiar with the song in question, but rather less familiar with Scottish folk songs. What I do remember reading in contemporary reviews is that the introductory guitar section has more than a passing similarity to the Guns of Navarone theme music. This being the 1980s it's probably going to be impossible to find the source on-line - I'll give it a try but no promises. Daveosaurus (talk) 00:42, 25 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I'm currently researching a fascinating medieval legend attributed to Peter Comestor’s Historia Scholastica, which allegedly appears in Patrologia Latina, Volume 198, page 1147. The passage reportedly explains why the Jewish ritual of circumcision is performed with iron rather than stone, based on the idea that iron “softened” to allow David’s stone to pierce Goliath’s helmet — thus earning a special honor in sacred rituals.
Unfortunately, I haven’t been able to locate this exact page in any available online source (e.g., Internet Archive, Gallica, Documenta Catholica Omnia).
Would anyone here be able to:
Direct me to a scanned or digitized copy of page 1147 from PL 198?
Or perhaps transcribe or summarize the relevant Latin text if you have access?
While researching the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries in Poland, I came across the family name "רַבֵּינוּ" (or "Ravinu" / "Rawenu").
The correct pronunciation is unclear: Rabenu, Ravenu, or Ruwenu.
This name appears only in connection with a particular author and his son.
Since surnames were generally uncommon in Poland at that time, its origin is puzzling.
Could this name have originated in Germany or in other Yiddish-speaking regions?
Are you sure this is a proper name? There is a Yiddish term רבינו, (Rabbeinu, "our master", "our teacher", "our rabbi"), from Hebrew רַבֵּנוּ (rabéynu, "our teacher"), from רַבִּי (rabí, "teacher") + ־נוּ (-nu, "our"). ‑‑Lambiam10:14, 27 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you very much@Lambiam and thank you@Stephan Schulz. This refers to an author who identifies himself as Yaakov son of Yitzchak of the 'רבינו' family. It has nothing to do with "Rabbeinu," meaning "our revered teacher" or a well-known rabbi. His son also refers to himself in the same way. טל ומטר (talk) 11:33, 27 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The site is run by the Lehrman Institute, which seems to have been the creation a historian named Lewis E. Lehrman. Not sure if he is considered an expert on Lincoln and Churchill… but he has published on both. Blueboar (talk) 20:07, 27 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I'm in the UK and get 403 Forbidden as well. But as soon as I turn on the proxy server to an American or Canadian IP it lets me visit, but not with UK, German or Swedish IPs. Curious. —Simon Harley (Talk). 18:45, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
We see two consecutive archdeacons called Mant (see navbox below). Both have clerical fathers called Richard Mant, associated with Southampton. One links with Richard Mant, the other does not. It seems almost certain that the two are related, but whether brothers, cousins or uncle and nephew I can't tell. Any information? All the best: RichFarmbrough11:18, 28 April 2025 (UTC).[reply]
And this page about Bishop Richard Mant mentions both "his two surviving sons – Walter Bishop Mant, (archdeacon of Connor 1832–34, and archdeacon of Down 1834–69), and the Revd Frederick Woods Mant", and "the Revd Robert M. Mant (1785–1834), the bishop’s younger brother and archdeacon of Down and Connor 1828–34". DuncanHill (talk) 12:13, 28 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
[Edit Conflicts] There are clearly conflations and errors in these three articles.
(1) while Robert (Mullins) Mant (19 March 1786 – 9 April 1834) is plausibly credited with the Archdeaconship of Down from 1828 (aged ca 42) until his death, Walter (Bishop) Mant (6 February 1808 – 6 April 1869) is also credited with same Archdeaconship from the same date (when he was ca 20), referenced to the identical source;
and
(2) Robert Mullins Mant is described as the son of Richard Mant (12 February 1776 – 2 November 1848), Bishop of Down from 1823, which would have Richard becoming a father before his tenth birthday! This Richard Mant is described as the son of Richard Mant D.D., described in Walter's article as the father of Walter, and of 'another son' who might be Robert.
Thanks all. I've started tweaking things, and will probably create the full list of Down archdeacons eventually. Our pages were pretty good, there were some date errors, but nothing else actually wrong. All the best: RichFarmbrough23:57, 29 April 2025 (UTC).[reply]
Harry Montague Vaughan Barron, the son of Harry and Clara Barron, died on the 9th of February 1909, aged 27. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery at noon on the 13th. A notice in the Evening Standard on the 13th was to be accepted by friends as "the only intimation". He had married on the 11th February 1908 at the Roman Catholic St James's, Spanish Place. Sir Harry Barron's Who's Who entry does not mention his son. Do we know how HMV died? Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 14:17, 28 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Is this true that John Hopkins University is known to be a right-wing institution because some of its alumnus were known to be right-wing politician or minded people like Dr. Ben Carson, who was Trump's HUD secretary during the former's first term? --Donmust90-- Donmust90 (talk) 03:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
It is very rare for a university to be right-wing. However, in general, universities are more open to different ideas and different beliefs, including political beliefs. So you can't say a university is right-wing just because some of its alumni are considered right-wing politicians or people with right-wing ideas. Stanleykswong (talk) 06:39, 29 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
US representatives Sarah Elfreth, Kweisi Mfume and Lauren Underwood are both JHU alumni and members of the Democratic Party, and so is Maryland governor Wes Moore. While these are probably fairly centrist, there is no reason to think the spectrum of political positions of JHU alumni is less broad than that of those from other research universities. ‑‑Lambiam09:33, 29 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Hi all, I was reading our article Royal Mint Court, as it is the proposed site of the new Chinese Embassy in London.[14] In the section Royal Mint Court#The Royal Mint the following sentence occurs: A narrow alley known as the Military Way ran along the inside of the wall, patrolled by the Royal Mint's military guard. <thinks> You what? </thinks>
My question: Apart from the Yeomen of the Guard in the Tower, is it the case that from around 1806 that the Mint Guard was provided by any of the Foot guards regiments in turn, as part of their guard duties at the nearby Tower of London, and in summer by normal line regiments? Most of the following is the research I attempted, in order to arrive at this question.
Background
The Royal Mint was originally located in the Tower of London until 1806. As far I have been able to discover, the garrison of the Tower was first supplied by 'Hamleteers', men from Tower Hamlets, the Tower Division. The Tower Guard was formed in 1648 as part of the Trained Bands of The Tower of London and its Hamlets, sometimes known as the The Tower Regiment of Foot.[15]
In 1685, during the Monmouth Rebellion, King James II raised a force of infantry from the Tower of London garrison; the Tower Hamlets Militia. Two companies from the Tower guard became the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). The Royal London Militia was a volunteer unit, becoming the 7th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, probably not involved with full-time duty at the Tower or Mint.
When the Mint was re-located to the Royal Mint Court in 1806, "Twenty-four soldiers kept permanent guard, relieved every 24 hours from the Tower."[16] "The military guard continued to be drawn from the Tower garrison until 1903" when the Metropolitan Police took over. "On 1st July 1903, a sergeant, corporal and nine men of the 4th Rifle Brigade lined up in front of the Mint, presented arms and marched away to the Tower, thereby dismounting the Mint Guard for the last time."[17][18]
The Tower was the barracks of the 1st Battalion Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). (From Constable of the Tower#History.) They weren't necessarily involved in guard duty at the Tower.
The majority of the Royal Fusiliers moved to Hounslow Barracks in 1881 after being based at the Tower for nearly 200 years. Only a small number stayed.[19]
From the diary of Edward Cutler, (1878-1963) of the Scots Guards: "Guards occupied a deal of the duty at the Tower. Main Guard, from which the Ceremony of the Keys took place; Spur Guard[a] to which was attached the "store kitchens", a cell we had to spend the night if unfortunately too late to pass the gates before midnight. Wharf Guard under the Tower Bridge, Magazine Guard and Royal Mint Guard: the Mint Guard ceased about the beginning of the South African War, as did the Sentry Posts on the Ramparts overlooking Tower Hill."[20]
"Next year it will be 60 years since the 2nd Battalion [the Gloucestershire Regiment] relieved the Guards at the Tower of London for two months." R.S.M. W. Stenner, (No. 7777, 1904-30) "Recollections: Old Soldiers Remember." The Back Badge, Summer 1964, pp. 48–9 [21] [i.e. 1905] He mentions the many duties to be found at the Tower: main guard, five posts; spur guard, two posts; wharf guard, one post. Inlying picquet about five posts; fire picquet, about a dozen. The Mint guard had been transferred to the Met by then.
Summary
So... It seems that the Mint Guard was one of the many duties performed by the battalion/regiment in residence at the Tower. Usually performed by (one of the?) Guards regiments, but during their annual Summer Camp it was devolved to one of the line regiments, including the Glosters and the Rifle Brigade, as above. It seems that the 4th Battalion, the Rifle Brigade was in residence at the time of handing over guard duties to the Met, and to them fell the final military duty of the Mint Guard. Am I on the right track? MinorProphet (talk) 11:05, 29 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
^The "Spur" was the projecting portion of the Fortification at the south west corner, containing the Bulwark or Lion Gate which occupied the position of the present entrance gate.[1]
Here is a page where you can search by case number – which, however, must be a string of digits only, so it is not possible to "punch in" the identifier "10 CS DJ 518/22". Just "518", with the year 2022, brings up many cases, but not this one. Apparently there is some other "Saket District Court's website", but I have not found it. ‑‑Lambiam09:21, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Difference between Red Successors and Young Pioneers during Chinese Cultural Revolution? I just finished reading Red Scarf Girl by Ji-li Jaing. Red successors defined as mirroring Red Guard but in elementary school (we don't have article) while Young Pioneers defined as primary school group that included most children approved by school committees. Were the Young Pioneers officially recognized by the CCP because school committees were appointed by the CCP and the Red successors were not officially recognized because they were semi-formal? Is that the difference? Any help appreciated. Thanks. Therapyisgood (talk) 01:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The Young Pioneers of China were (are!) an organization usurped during the Cultural Revolution, part of a greater pioneer movement in the socialist world. The term I know for "Red Successor" (红色接班人) is something I've seen on posters and in speeches, I have not read the memoir but my guess is it is a significant social position but not corresponding to a eponymous organization as such, see Little Red Guards. Remsense ‥ 论01:28, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The Communist Party of China is a highly flexible organization. During the Cultural Revolution, Lin Biao repeatedly referred to the Little Red Guards as red successors, but in fact, they are not and will never be. Stanleykswong (talk) 06:12, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The Red Pioneers should be called Young Pioneers of China (中国少年先锋队 or 少先队 in short). Young Pioneers, formerly known as Labor Scouts (劳动童子军), was an organization established for children from working class families during the All-Russian Congress in 1922.
The red successor (红色接班人) originally referred only to those who were born in a red aristocratic family. In Chinese Internet slang, it means "high in Zhao-containing" (含趙量高). Stanleykswong (talk) 06:07, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
There's a particular voice that was used in 1980s/1990s comedy to mark a character as nerdy. Stilgoe and Skellern sing this entire song using it. I remember using it myself for a character in a school play.
Where did it come from? To some extent it's got to be that we were all copying one another. But then you'd expect there was a largely-forgotten original, in the same way that there are contemporary Peter Lorre impressions by people who don't themselves remember Lorre. Was there? Marnanel (talk) 12:42, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
The voice and mannerisms became popular with Jerry Lewis, specifically in his movie The Nutty Professor (1963 film). Jerry Lewis explained, in multiple interviews, that he and Dean met a man on a train from Chicago who spoke like that. They spoke to him throughout the trip, fascinated by his mannerisms. Jerry felt it was perfect for his nerdy side of the character in the movie. He kept the nerdy personna in standup comedy from that point on, making up strange words to accent the character. Certainly, Jerry Lewis is not the original nerdy character, but he popularized it and has been copied repeatedly. For example, Profesor Frink is an obvious rip-off character. 68.187.174.155 (talk) 13:41, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
"Nerdy", a slang term originating in the 1950's for "overly intellectual, obsessive, introverted, or lacking social skills", may not describe the patter song style as well as the bolded link in this lyric: "This particularly rapid, unintelligible patter / Isn't generally heard, and if it is, it doesn't matter". Stilgoe, Skellern and the OP in school were all following a comic song tradition marked by performers such as duo Flanders and Swann, and George Formby.You may enjoy searching their names in YouTube or hear the prime english-language patter song-smiths Gilbert and Sullivan by clicking in the box. Philvoids (talk) 14:31, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Women's Automobile and Sports Association medals 1934 (back)
The above medals, in an image recently uploaded to Commons, were awarded in 1934 by the Women's Automobile and Sports Association to "Miss V. Wild" for motorsport events in the United Kingdom.
I do not believe "Miss" is her name. Looking at the entrants for the race, I see "Mrs Montague Johnstone, Mrs A.Needham, Miss M.Allan, Miss Watson Riley, etc..." So, that tells me her name is "V. Wild." Victoria? Virginia? Vivian? A few years previous, Enrico Wild raced. Relation?
To make matters more complicated: At that time, the Wild family was into racing. Alessandro Wild raced under the name Ventidue Wild. Ludovico Wild raced under the name Ventuno Wild. There is also a Ventiquattro Wild. So, if this female driver is related, her first name likely does not begin with a V.
And another complication: I've found multiple references that state that the Wild family were Swiss-Italian racers who chose the last name "Wild" for their racing names. Their actual name is Italian. Therefore, all I can say is that it is very likely that the woman you are interested in is not named Miss, does not have a first name beginning with V, and does not have the last name Wild. In other words, "Miss V Wild" is not her name in any way. That makes it very difficult to find information about her. I suggest looking for family information about Alessandro Wild (understanding that Wild is not his real last name) and seeing if you can find information about his sister (or mother, or daughter, or cousin...). It likely isn't his wife because she is listed as Miss instead of Mrs. 68.187.174.155 (talk) 13:27, 30 April 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Google Books has a single mention of a Lodovico Wild in a marriage announcement. Given that, as you mentioned, Wild seems to not be their actual family name, this may be someone else entirely. Nevertheless, I have transcribed the text below:
Mons[ignore] cav[aliere] dott[ore] Pietro Dell'Acqua, arciprete di Monza, nella Cappella privata dei conti Cambiaghi, ha benedetto le nozze della nobile signorina Maria Luisa dei conti Cambiaghi col sig[nore] dott[ore] Lodovico Wild.
If you look very, very, very closely, you can see her in this photo (click twice to enlarge twice). (It may just be me, but her passenger looks like Stalin in profile.) Clarityfiend (talk) 07:05, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
I don't think anyone thought for a moment that "Miss" was anything other than her social position (apart from anything else it's in upper & lower case, whereas the surname is all caps): in some sports 'Mr. X' and 'Mrs/Miss/Ms Y' are/were added to names to designate amateur competitors as opposed to professionals whose names only are/were used, but I don't know if that applied in this sport at this time. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.194.109.80 (talk) 13:13, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
They haven't landed; the rotors are holding the helicopter in position. This is often done in mountain rescues. The building is still there, so you can see the size of the three rooftops available. I don't recall the VC being interested in sniping civilians during the Fall of Saigon. Abductive (reasoning)17:14, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Why was the southeastern chunk of Church property outlined in blue here (now containing most of the Paul VI Audience Hall) not included in the Vatican City state under the Lateran Treaty? 71.126.57.99 (talk) 16:29, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Nothing seems to come up in the Googling. Except perhaps that it (the Palace of the Holy Office which is also on the chunk) was used during the Inquisition to imprison people, and so maybe best not to give the Vatican any such facility. Abductive (reasoning)17:22, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
(ec) Presumably because it was not owned by the Vatican at the time. According to the source used in our article Paul VI Audience Hall it was given to the Holy See in 1965 by the Knights of St Columbus. It had been St Peter's Oratory. DuncanHill (talk) 17:22, 1 May 2025 (UTC)[reply]
Resolved
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